In a total of 865 published and unpublished records, 20 cross-sectional studies that met the inclusion criteria and focused on the prevalence of unsafe fecal disposal practices in children and their association with childhood diarrhea were included in the analysis. The current meta-analysis included eight studies from Ethiopia (Mihrete et al. 2014; Azage & Haile 2015; Sahiledengle 2019, 2020; Alemayehu et al. 2021; Getahun & Adane 2021; Soboksa 2021; Soboksa et al. 2021), two studies from Nigeria (Aluko et al. 2017; Aliyu & Dahiru 2019), two studies from Indonesia (Cronin et al. 2016; Sidabalok et al. 2019), one each from India (Bawankule et al. 2017), Papua New Guinea (Seidu et al. 2020), Eswatini (Simelane et al. 2020), Cambodia (Vong et al. 2021), Thailand (Wilunda & Alessio 2009), Bangladesh (Islam et al. 2020), Kenya (Siruri 2013), and a study that compiled DHS from 15 sub-Saharan African countries (Seidu et al. 2021) were represented. The sample size of the study ranged from 221 to 128,096 participants. The prevalence of unsafe disposal of child feces ranged from 9.20 to 80.33%. The lowest prevalence of unsafe disposal of children's feces was reported in a study conducted by Alemayehu et al. (2021) in Ethiopia (Alemayehu et al. 2021), whereas the highest prevalence of unsafe disposal of child feces was reported in a study conducted in Nigeria by Aluko et al. (2017) (Table 1).
Descriptive summary of 20 studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis
S.No . | Author, publication year . | Study site . | Study design . | Sample size . | Age group included . | Prevalence of unsafe disposal (%) with 95% CI . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Aliyu & Dahiru (2019) | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 19,288 | <5 | 40.60 (39.91–41.30) |
2. | Azage & Haile (2015) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 11,126 | <5 | 66.32 (65.44–67.20) |
3. | Bawankule et al. (2017) | India | Cross-sectional | 35,273 | <5 | 79.00 (78.57–79.42) |
4. | Cronin et al. (2016) | Indonesia | Cross-sectional | 4,909 | <2 | 52.80 (51.39–54.21) |
5. | Sahiledengle (2020) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 20,629 | <5 | 77.70 (76.30–79.00) |
6. | Sahiledengle (2019) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 4,145 | <5 | 63.10 (59.50–66.60) |
7. | Seidu et al. (2020) | Papua New Guinea | Cross-sectional | 2,095 | <5 | 56.00 (54.50–58.00) |
8. | Seidu et al. (2021) | 15 Sub-Sahara Africa countries | Cross-sectional | 128,096 | <5 | 41.27 (41.00–41.54) |
9. | Simelane et al. (2020) | Eswatini | Cross-sectional | 2,765 | <3 | 41.80 (39.30–44.40) |
10. | Vong et al. (2021) | Cambodia | Cross-sectional | 5,745 | <5 | 29.27 (27.51–31.09) |
11. | Mihrete et al. (2014) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 925 | <5 | 55.40 (51.86–58.37) |
12. | Sidabalok et al. (2019) | Indonesia | Cross-sectional | 1,007 | <5 | 42.70 (39.62–45.82) |
13. | Alemayehu et al. (2021) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 620 | <5 | 9.20 (7.04–11.75) |
14. | Wilunda & Alessio (2009) | Thailand | Cross-sectional | 5,658 | <5 | 35.35 (34.10–36.61) |
15. | Soboksa (2021) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 9,754 | <5 | 75.20 (74.30–76.02) |
16. | Islam et al. (2018) | Bangladesh | Cross-sectional | 803 | <5 | 80.00 (76.75–82.43) |
17. | Getahun & Adane (2021) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 485 | <5 | 43.20 (38.84–47.84) |
18. | Aluko et al. (2017) | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 300 | <5 | 80.33 (75.38–84.68) |
19. | Soboksa et al. (2021) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 756 | <5 | 69.58 (66.16–72.89) |
20. | Siruri (2013) | Kenya | Cross-sectional | 221 | <5 | 13.57 (9.35–18,81) |
S.No . | Author, publication year . | Study site . | Study design . | Sample size . | Age group included . | Prevalence of unsafe disposal (%) with 95% CI . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Aliyu & Dahiru (2019) | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 19,288 | <5 | 40.60 (39.91–41.30) |
2. | Azage & Haile (2015) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 11,126 | <5 | 66.32 (65.44–67.20) |
3. | Bawankule et al. (2017) | India | Cross-sectional | 35,273 | <5 | 79.00 (78.57–79.42) |
4. | Cronin et al. (2016) | Indonesia | Cross-sectional | 4,909 | <2 | 52.80 (51.39–54.21) |
5. | Sahiledengle (2020) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 20,629 | <5 | 77.70 (76.30–79.00) |
6. | Sahiledengle (2019) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 4,145 | <5 | 63.10 (59.50–66.60) |
7. | Seidu et al. (2020) | Papua New Guinea | Cross-sectional | 2,095 | <5 | 56.00 (54.50–58.00) |
8. | Seidu et al. (2021) | 15 Sub-Sahara Africa countries | Cross-sectional | 128,096 | <5 | 41.27 (41.00–41.54) |
9. | Simelane et al. (2020) | Eswatini | Cross-sectional | 2,765 | <3 | 41.80 (39.30–44.40) |
10. | Vong et al. (2021) | Cambodia | Cross-sectional | 5,745 | <5 | 29.27 (27.51–31.09) |
11. | Mihrete et al. (2014) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 925 | <5 | 55.40 (51.86–58.37) |
12. | Sidabalok et al. (2019) | Indonesia | Cross-sectional | 1,007 | <5 | 42.70 (39.62–45.82) |
13. | Alemayehu et al. (2021) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 620 | <5 | 9.20 (7.04–11.75) |
14. | Wilunda & Alessio (2009) | Thailand | Cross-sectional | 5,658 | <5 | 35.35 (34.10–36.61) |
15. | Soboksa (2021) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 9,754 | <5 | 75.20 (74.30–76.02) |
16. | Islam et al. (2018) | Bangladesh | Cross-sectional | 803 | <5 | 80.00 (76.75–82.43) |
17. | Getahun & Adane (2021) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 485 | <5 | 43.20 (38.84–47.84) |
18. | Aluko et al. (2017) | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 300 | <5 | 80.33 (75.38–84.68) |
19. | Soboksa et al. (2021) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 756 | <5 | 69.58 (66.16–72.89) |
20. | Siruri (2013) | Kenya | Cross-sectional | 221 | <5 | 13.57 (9.35–18,81) |