In a total of 865 published and unpublished records, 20 cross-sectional studies that met the inclusion criteria and focused on the prevalence of unsafe fecal disposal practices in children and their association with childhood diarrhea were included in the analysis. The current meta-analysis included eight studies from Ethiopia (Mihrete et al. 2014; Azage & Haile 2015; Sahiledengle 2019, 2020; Alemayehu et al. 2021; Getahun & Adane 2021; Soboksa 2021; Soboksa et al. 2021), two studies from Nigeria (Aluko et al. 2017; Aliyu & Dahiru 2019), two studies from Indonesia (Cronin et al. 2016; Sidabalok et al. 2019), one each from India (Bawankule et al. 2017), Papua New Guinea (Seidu et al. 2020), Eswatini (Simelane et al. 2020), Cambodia (Vong et al. 2021), Thailand (Wilunda & Alessio 2009), Bangladesh (Islam et al. 2020), Kenya (Siruri 2013), and a study that compiled DHS from 15 sub-Saharan African countries (Seidu et al. 2021) were represented. The sample size of the study ranged from 221 to 128,096 participants. The prevalence of unsafe disposal of child feces ranged from 9.20 to 80.33%. The lowest prevalence of unsafe disposal of children's feces was reported in a study conducted by Alemayehu et al. (2021) in Ethiopia (Alemayehu et al. 2021), whereas the highest prevalence of unsafe disposal of child feces was reported in a study conducted in Nigeria by Aluko et al. (2017) (Table 1).

Table 1

Descriptive summary of 20 studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis

S.NoAuthor, publication yearStudy siteStudy designSample sizeAge group includedPrevalence of unsafe disposal (%) with 95% CI
1. Aliyu & Dahiru (2019)  Nigeria Cross-sectional 19,288 <5 40.60 (39.91–41.30) 
2. Azage & Haile (2015)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 11,126 <5 66.32 (65.44–67.20) 
3. Bawankule et al. (2017)  India Cross-sectional 35,273 <5 79.00 (78.57–79.42) 
4. Cronin et al. (2016)  Indonesia Cross-sectional 4,909 <2 52.80 (51.39–54.21) 
5. Sahiledengle (2020)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 20,629 <5 77.70 (76.30–79.00) 
6. Sahiledengle (2019)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 4,145 <5 63.10 (59.50–66.60) 
7. Seidu et al. (2020)  Papua New Guinea Cross-sectional 2,095 <5 56.00 (54.50–58.00) 
8. Seidu et al. (2021)  15 Sub-Sahara Africa countries Cross-sectional 128,096 <5 41.27 (41.00–41.54) 
9. Simelane et al. (2020)  Eswatini Cross-sectional 2,765 <3 41.80 (39.30–44.40) 
10. Vong et al. (2021)  Cambodia Cross-sectional 5,745 <5 29.27 (27.51–31.09) 
11. Mihrete et al. (2014)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 925 <5 55.40 (51.86–58.37) 
12. Sidabalok et al. (2019)  Indonesia Cross-sectional 1,007 <5 42.70 (39.62–45.82) 
13. Alemayehu et al. (2021)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 620 <5 9.20 (7.04–11.75) 
14. Wilunda & Alessio (2009)  Thailand Cross-sectional 5,658 <5 35.35 (34.10–36.61) 
15. Soboksa (2021)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 9,754 <5 75.20 (74.30–76.02) 
16. Islam et al. (2018)  Bangladesh Cross-sectional 803 <5 80.00 (76.75–82.43) 
17. Getahun & Adane (2021)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 485 <5 43.20 (38.84–47.84) 
18. Aluko et al. (2017)  Nigeria Cross-sectional 300 <5 80.33 (75.38–84.68) 
19. Soboksa et al. (2021)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 756 <5 69.58 (66.16–72.89) 
20. Siruri (2013)  Kenya Cross-sectional 221 <5 13.57 (9.35–18,81) 
S.NoAuthor, publication yearStudy siteStudy designSample sizeAge group includedPrevalence of unsafe disposal (%) with 95% CI
1. Aliyu & Dahiru (2019)  Nigeria Cross-sectional 19,288 <5 40.60 (39.91–41.30) 
2. Azage & Haile (2015)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 11,126 <5 66.32 (65.44–67.20) 
3. Bawankule et al. (2017)  India Cross-sectional 35,273 <5 79.00 (78.57–79.42) 
4. Cronin et al. (2016)  Indonesia Cross-sectional 4,909 <2 52.80 (51.39–54.21) 
5. Sahiledengle (2020)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 20,629 <5 77.70 (76.30–79.00) 
6. Sahiledengle (2019)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 4,145 <5 63.10 (59.50–66.60) 
7. Seidu et al. (2020)  Papua New Guinea Cross-sectional 2,095 <5 56.00 (54.50–58.00) 
8. Seidu et al. (2021)  15 Sub-Sahara Africa countries Cross-sectional 128,096 <5 41.27 (41.00–41.54) 
9. Simelane et al. (2020)  Eswatini Cross-sectional 2,765 <3 41.80 (39.30–44.40) 
10. Vong et al. (2021)  Cambodia Cross-sectional 5,745 <5 29.27 (27.51–31.09) 
11. Mihrete et al. (2014)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 925 <5 55.40 (51.86–58.37) 
12. Sidabalok et al. (2019)  Indonesia Cross-sectional 1,007 <5 42.70 (39.62–45.82) 
13. Alemayehu et al. (2021)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 620 <5 9.20 (7.04–11.75) 
14. Wilunda & Alessio (2009)  Thailand Cross-sectional 5,658 <5 35.35 (34.10–36.61) 
15. Soboksa (2021)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 9,754 <5 75.20 (74.30–76.02) 
16. Islam et al. (2018)  Bangladesh Cross-sectional 803 <5 80.00 (76.75–82.43) 
17. Getahun & Adane (2021)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 485 <5 43.20 (38.84–47.84) 
18. Aluko et al. (2017)  Nigeria Cross-sectional 300 <5 80.33 (75.38–84.68) 
19. Soboksa et al. (2021)  Ethiopia Cross-sectional 756 <5 69.58 (66.16–72.89) 
20. Siruri (2013)  Kenya Cross-sectional 221 <5 13.57 (9.35–18,81) 

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