Table 1 demonstrates the available records of L. fortunei after 2000 in China. It can be found that, L. fortunei is mainly distributed in the Pearl and Yangtze River basins in China. Northwards, it is occasionally found in the Yellow and Haihe River basins. North-western China could not be invaded by L. fortunei due to the fact that many river basins in north-western China are endogenous and have no connection with waterbodies with biofouling mussels. However, the inter-basin water transfer projects have brought opportunities for the invasion of L. fortunei, and the massive introduction of the larvae and adults of L. fortunei promotes the rapid dispersion in the inland region of northern China.
Occurrence and distribution of Limnoperna fortunei in China, South America, and Japan after 2000
| Region . | River basin . | Area . | Year recorded . | Reference . | Main finding . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | Pearl River basin | Lower Hongshuihe River | 2007 | Xu (2015) | Limnoperna fortunei is mainly distributed in the Pearl and Yangtze River basins. The dispersal of Limnoperna fortunei in inland region of northern China was facilitated by the massive introduction of larvae and adults through water transfer projects. |
| Pearl River basin | Middle Xi River | 2009 | Pan et al. (2011) | ||
| Pearl River basin | Xijiang River | 2018 | Zhou et al. (2021) | ||
| Pearl River basin | Xizhijiang River | 2019 | Liu et al. (2020) | ||
| Yangtze River basin | Wujiang River | 2006 | Chen et al. (2010) | ||
| Yangtze River basin | Fujiang River | 2007 | Xu (2015) | ||
| Yellow River basin | Middle Yellow River | 2009 | Xu (2015) | ||
| Haihe River basin | Tributary of the middle Haihe River | 2009 | Ye et al. (2011) | ||
| Northern suburbs of Beijing | Shisanling reservoir | 2017 | Li et al. (2019) | ||
| South America | Río de la Plata Basin | Port of Nueva Palmira, Uruguay | 2001 | Brugnoli et al. (2005) | The main basins colonized by Limnoperna fortunei in South America are Río de la Plata basin, Guaíba basin, Patos-Mirim basin, Tramandaí basin, and Mar Chiquita basin currently. |
| Río de la Plata Basin | Coast of the Río de la Plata estuary | 2002 | Brugnoli et al. (2005) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Itaipu Dam in Brazil | 2001 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Paraná River | 2002–2004 | Ruckert et al. (2004) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Paranaíba River | 2004 | Campos et al. (2012) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Tietê River | 2004–2006 | Avelar et al. (2004); Pareschi et al. (2008) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Iguaçu River | 2003 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Palmar Dam, Negro River | 1999–2002 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Yí River | 1999–2002 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Baygorria Dam, Negro River | 2002 | Brugnoli et al. (2005) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Uruguay River | 2002 | Brugnoli et al. (2005) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | The upper Paraná River floodplain | / | de Amo et al. (2021) | ||
| Guaíba and Patos-Mirim Basins | Arroio Pelotas River | 2002 | Burns et al. (2007) | ||
| Guaíba and Patos-Mirim Basins | Mirim Lake | 2005 | Burns et al. (2007) | ||
| Guaíba and Patos-Mirim Basins | Jacuí River | 2009 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Guaíba and Patos-Mirim Basins | Guaíba Lake | 2009 | Darrigran et al. (2009) | ||
| Tramandaí River Basin | Quadros Lake | 2008 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Tramandaí River Basin | Tramandaí River | 2009 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Tramandaí River Basin | Peixoto, Quadros, and Itapeva lakes | 2013 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Mar Chiquita Basin | Primero River | 2006 | Darrigran et al. (2009) | ||
| Mar Chiquita Basin | Segundo River | 2006 | Darrigran et al. (2009) | ||
| Río Grande do Sul State | Lake Guaiba, Viamão District | 2000–2001 | Giglio et al. (2016) | ||
| Upper Paraná River floodplain | Paraná River; Ipoitã channel; Ivinhema River; Baía River; Curutuba channel | 2011–2012 | Ernandes-Silva et al. (2016) | ||
| Paranaíba river basin | River Paranaíba, downstream of the confluence with the Barreiro river | / | Andrade et al. (2015) | ||
| Upper Uruguay River basin | Campos Novos, Barra Grande, Machadinho, Itá, and Foz do Chapecó reservoirs | 2018 | Hermes-Silva et al. (2021) | ||
| Southeast and southern regions of Brazil | Chavantes Reservoir, Paranapanema River, Brazil | 2018–2019 | de Rezende Ayroza et al. (2021) | ||
| Asia and South America | All hydrographic basins except for the Amazon basin | Paraná River, Southeast Atlantic, Uruguay River, and Sao Francisco river basins | / | Ludwig et al. (2021) | Limnoperna fortunei is still rapidly expanding in Brazil at present. |
| Japan | / | Lake Biwa-Yodogawa River System | Data in Invasive Species of Japan from Environmental Risk Research Center | In Japan, the distribution and density of Limnoperna fortunei are increasing. | |
| / | Kisogawa River System | ||||
| / | Lake Oshio | ||||
| / | Tonegawa River System, | ||||
| / | Tenryu River, | ||||
| / | Uregawa River |
| Region . | River basin . | Area . | Year recorded . | Reference . | Main finding . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | Pearl River basin | Lower Hongshuihe River | 2007 | Xu (2015) | Limnoperna fortunei is mainly distributed in the Pearl and Yangtze River basins. The dispersal of Limnoperna fortunei in inland region of northern China was facilitated by the massive introduction of larvae and adults through water transfer projects. |
| Pearl River basin | Middle Xi River | 2009 | Pan et al. (2011) | ||
| Pearl River basin | Xijiang River | 2018 | Zhou et al. (2021) | ||
| Pearl River basin | Xizhijiang River | 2019 | Liu et al. (2020) | ||
| Yangtze River basin | Wujiang River | 2006 | Chen et al. (2010) | ||
| Yangtze River basin | Fujiang River | 2007 | Xu (2015) | ||
| Yellow River basin | Middle Yellow River | 2009 | Xu (2015) | ||
| Haihe River basin | Tributary of the middle Haihe River | 2009 | Ye et al. (2011) | ||
| Northern suburbs of Beijing | Shisanling reservoir | 2017 | Li et al. (2019) | ||
| South America | Río de la Plata Basin | Port of Nueva Palmira, Uruguay | 2001 | Brugnoli et al. (2005) | The main basins colonized by Limnoperna fortunei in South America are Río de la Plata basin, Guaíba basin, Patos-Mirim basin, Tramandaí basin, and Mar Chiquita basin currently. |
| Río de la Plata Basin | Coast of the Río de la Plata estuary | 2002 | Brugnoli et al. (2005) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Itaipu Dam in Brazil | 2001 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Paraná River | 2002–2004 | Ruckert et al. (2004) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Paranaíba River | 2004 | Campos et al. (2012) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Tietê River | 2004–2006 | Avelar et al. (2004); Pareschi et al. (2008) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Iguaçu River | 2003 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Palmar Dam, Negro River | 1999–2002 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Yí River | 1999–2002 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Baygorria Dam, Negro River | 2002 | Brugnoli et al. (2005) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | Uruguay River | 2002 | Brugnoli et al. (2005) | ||
| Río de la Plata Basin | The upper Paraná River floodplain | / | de Amo et al. (2021) | ||
| Guaíba and Patos-Mirim Basins | Arroio Pelotas River | 2002 | Burns et al. (2007) | ||
| Guaíba and Patos-Mirim Basins | Mirim Lake | 2005 | Burns et al. (2007) | ||
| Guaíba and Patos-Mirim Basins | Jacuí River | 2009 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Guaíba and Patos-Mirim Basins | Guaíba Lake | 2009 | Darrigran et al. (2009) | ||
| Tramandaí River Basin | Quadros Lake | 2008 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Tramandaí River Basin | Tramandaí River | 2009 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Tramandaí River Basin | Peixoto, Quadros, and Itapeva lakes | 2013 | Oliveira et al. (2015) | ||
| Mar Chiquita Basin | Primero River | 2006 | Darrigran et al. (2009) | ||
| Mar Chiquita Basin | Segundo River | 2006 | Darrigran et al. (2009) | ||
| Río Grande do Sul State | Lake Guaiba, Viamão District | 2000–2001 | Giglio et al. (2016) | ||
| Upper Paraná River floodplain | Paraná River; Ipoitã channel; Ivinhema River; Baía River; Curutuba channel | 2011–2012 | Ernandes-Silva et al. (2016) | ||
| Paranaíba river basin | River Paranaíba, downstream of the confluence with the Barreiro river | / | Andrade et al. (2015) | ||
| Upper Uruguay River basin | Campos Novos, Barra Grande, Machadinho, Itá, and Foz do Chapecó reservoirs | 2018 | Hermes-Silva et al. (2021) | ||
| Southeast and southern regions of Brazil | Chavantes Reservoir, Paranapanema River, Brazil | 2018–2019 | de Rezende Ayroza et al. (2021) | ||
| Asia and South America | All hydrographic basins except for the Amazon basin | Paraná River, Southeast Atlantic, Uruguay River, and Sao Francisco river basins | / | Ludwig et al. (2021) | Limnoperna fortunei is still rapidly expanding in Brazil at present. |
| Japan | / | Lake Biwa-Yodogawa River System | Data in Invasive Species of Japan from Environmental Risk Research Center | In Japan, the distribution and density of Limnoperna fortunei are increasing. | |
| / | Kisogawa River System | ||||
| / | Lake Oshio | ||||
| / | Tonegawa River System, | ||||
| / | Tenryu River, | ||||
| / | Uregawa River |