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As shown in Table 4, in addition to the above methods, the most common methods for controlling L. fortunei are manual and mechanical cleaning, filtration, and manipulations of water flow (Nagaya et al. 2001). Among them, manual and mechanical cleaning is one of the most direct and effective methods in a short time. Although both larvae and adults can be temporarily removed by these physical methods, some methods are not particularly time-sensitive and some can damage facility surfaces. Appropriate and effective measures should be taken based on the actual situation.

Table 4

Summary of methods available for controlling Limnoperna fortunei

Type	Method	Advantage	Disadvantage	Reference	Main findings
Physical method	Antifouling materials and coatings Manual/mechanical cleaning Filtration Oxygen deprivation Thermal treatment Desiccation Ultraviolet treatment Ultrasound Low water temperature Manipulations of water flow	Quick and effective in a short time No chemical pollution	Timeliness is short It needs to be repeated The economic effect is poor Increase the roughness of the materials	Matsui et al. (2002); Montalto & Ezcurra de Drago (2003); Ohkawa & Nomura (2015); Perepelizin & Boltovskoy (2011, 2015); Zhao et al. (2019); Zhou et al. (2021)	Ultrasound could effectively reduce the early stages of Limnoperna fortunei. Sodium hypochlorite can dissolve byssus at even low concentrations. Preventing them from entering the tunnels is the most efficient method to avoid biofouling by Limnoperna fortunei.
Chemical method	Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Chloramine Ozone Hydrogen peroxide Sodium dichloroisocyanurate Potassium permanganate Ferrate pH adjustment Copper sulphate Salinity MXD-100 Ammonia Ammonium chloride Nanoparticles TiO₂	Simple and efficient Dissolving byssus Long-term inhibition of its growth	The dosage is not easy to control Waste of resources Cause secondary risk	Claudi & de Oliveira (2015); Girardello et al. (2021); Li et al. (2019); Li et al. (2021); Montresor et al. (2013); Nunes et al. (2020)
Biological method	Ecological pool Fish	Environmental-friendly	Low efficiency	Godoy et al. (2018); Xu et al. (2015a)
Combined control	Combination of multiple strategies	High efficiency	High costs	Darrigran & Damborenea (2015); Liu et al. (2020)

Type	Method	Advantage	Disadvantage	Reference	Main findings
Physical method	Antifouling materials and coatings Manual/mechanical cleaning Filtration Oxygen deprivation Thermal treatment Desiccation Ultraviolet treatment Ultrasound Low water temperature Manipulations of water flow	Quick and effective in a short time No chemical pollution	Timeliness is short It needs to be repeated The economic effect is poor Increase the roughness of the materials	Matsui et al. (2002); Montalto & Ezcurra de Drago (2003); Ohkawa & Nomura (2015); Perepelizin & Boltovskoy (2011, 2015); Zhao et al. (2019); Zhou et al. (2021)	Ultrasound could effectively reduce the early stages of Limnoperna fortunei. Sodium hypochlorite can dissolve byssus at even low concentrations. Preventing them from entering the tunnels is the most efficient method to avoid biofouling by Limnoperna fortunei.
Chemical method	Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Chloramine Ozone Hydrogen peroxide Sodium dichloroisocyanurate Potassium permanganate Ferrate pH adjustment Copper sulphate Salinity MXD-100 Ammonia Ammonium chloride Nanoparticles TiO₂	Simple and efficient Dissolving byssus Long-term inhibition of its growth	The dosage is not easy to control Waste of resources Cause secondary risk	Claudi & de Oliveira (2015); Girardello et al. (2021); Li et al. (2019); Li et al. (2021); Montresor et al. (2013); Nunes et al. (2020)
Biological method	Ecological pool Fish	Environmental-friendly	Low efficiency	Godoy et al. (2018); Xu et al. (2015a)
Combined control	Combination of multiple strategies	High efficiency	High costs	Darrigran & Damborenea (2015); Liu et al. (2020)

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