where the quantity of the parameters that are studied is shown by
f, factorial points are shown by 2
f, axial points are shown by 2
f and
N0 represents the replicates of center points. The center points are used to determine the experimental error and the reproducibility of the data. The independent variables are coded to the (−1, 1) interval where the low and high levels are coded as −1 and +1, respectively (Table 2). With the software suggested, the experiments were at 78 runs. Each experiment was carried out three times and the average results of the RR2 dye removal evaluation over the AC and their corresponding standard deviation values were reported. Table 3 shows the empirical data which contains the design matrix and responses. The quadratic model based on (Equation (
2)) was used to develop a predictor model (Shahbazi
et al. 2020; Onu
et al. 2021; Nguyen
et al. 2022).
where
j represents the quadratic coefficient;
i represents the linear coefficient;
x represents independent variables;
β refers to regression coefficient;
k is the number of studied and optimized factors in the experiment;
e is the random error.
Table 2Independent variables and their levels for the design of the tests used in this study
Parameter name
. | Unit
. | Symbols
. | Low
. | High
. |
---|
Contact time | min | X1 | 10 | 90 |
pH | – | X2 | 3 | 11 |
Adsorbent dosage | g | X3 | 0.25 | 12.25 |
Initial concentration | mg L−1 | X4 | 100 | 500 |
Parameter name
. | Unit
. | Symbols
. | Low
. | High
. |
---|
Contact time | min | X1 | 10 | 90 |
pH | – | X2 | 3 | 11 |
Adsorbent dosage | g | X3 | 0.25 | 12.25 |
Initial concentration | mg L−1 | X4 | 100 | 500 |
Table 3Experimental design conditions for RR2 adsorption using AC
Run
. | Time
. | pH
. | Dosage
. | Initial concentration
. | C1
. | R%
. |
---|
1 | 90 | 3 | 0.25 | 100 | 71.33 | 28.66 |
2 | 10 | 11 | 0.25 | 100 | 88.66 | 11.33 |
3 | 10 | 3 | 0.25 | 100 | 85.66 | 14.33 |
4 | 90 | 11 | 0.25 | 100 | 77 | 23 |
5 | 90 | 11 | 12.25 | 100 | 4.66 | 95.33 |
6 | 90 | 3 | 12.25 | 100 | 2.33 | 97.66 |
7 | 10 | 11 | 12.25 | 100 | 62.66 | 37.33 |
8 | 10 | 3 | 12.25 | 100 | 58 | 42 |
9 | 50 | 7 | 6.25 | 200 | 39.33 | 80.33 |
10 | 50 | 9 | 6.25 | 300 | 134 | 55.33 |
11 | 30 | 7 | 6.25 | 300 | 158.33 | 47.1 |
12 | 50 | 5 | 6.25 | 300 | 110 | 63.4 |
13 | 50 | 7 | 6.25 | 300 | 125 | 58.3 |
14 | 50 | 7 | 6.25 | 300 | 127 | 57.6 |
15 | 50 | 7 | 6.25 | 300 | 121 | 59.6 |
16 | 50 | 7 | 3.25 | 300 | 175 | 41.6 |
17 | 50 | 7 | 3.25 | 300 | 177 | 41 |
18 | 50 | 7 | 3.25 | 300 | 174 | 42 |
19 | 50 | 7 | 9.25 | 300 | 95 | 68.33 |
20 | 50 | 7 | 6.25 | 300 | 124.33 | 58.5 |
21 | 70 | 7 | 6.25 | 300 | 107.66 | 64 |
22 | 50 | 7 | 6.25 | 400 | 140 | 65 |
23 | 10 | 11 | 0.25 | 500 | 500 | 0 |
24 | 10 | 3 | 0.25 | 500 | 500 | 0 |
25 | 90 | 3 | 12.25 | 500 | 207 | 58.6 |
26 | 90 | 11 | 0.25 | 500 | 500 | 0 |
27 | 10 | 11 | 12.25 | 500 | 451.66 | 9.66 |
28 | 10 | 3 | 12.25 | 500 | 438 | 12.4 |
29 | 90 | 11 | 12.25 | 500 | 221.66 | 55.66 |
30 | 90 | 3 | 0.25 | 500 | 500 | 0 |
Run
. | Time
. | pH
. | Dosage
. | Initial concentration
. | C1
. | R%
. |
---|
1 | 90 | 3 | 0.25 | 100 | 71.33 | 28.66 |
2 | 10 | 11 | 0.25 | 100 | 88.66 | 11.33 |
3 | 10 | 3 | 0.25 | 100 | 85.66 | 14.33 |
4 | 90 | 11 | 0.25 | 100 | 77 | 23 |
5 | 90 | 11 | 12.25 | 100 | 4.66 | 95.33 |
6 | 90 | 3 | 12.25 | 100 | 2.33 | 97.66 |
7 | 10 | 11 | 12.25 | 100 | 62.66 | 37.33 |
8 | 10 | 3 | 12.25 | 100 | 58 | 42 |
9 | 50 | 7 | 6.25 | 200 | 39.33 | 80.33 |
10 | 50 | 9 | 6.25 | 300 | 134 | 55.33 |
11 | 30 | 7 | 6.25 | 300 | 158.33 | 47.1 |
12 | 50 | 5 | 6.25 | 300 | 110 | 63.4 |
13 | 50 | 7 | 6.25 | 300 | 125 | 58.3 |
14 | 50 | 7 | 6.25 | 300 | 127 | 57.6 |
15 | 50 | 7 | 6.25 | 300 | 121 | 59.6 |
16 | 50 | 7 | 3.25 | 300 | 175 | 41.6 |
17 | 50 | 7 | 3.25 | 300 | 177 | 41 |
18 | 50 | 7 | 3.25 | 300 | 174 | 42 |
19 | 50 | 7 | 9.25 | 300 | 95 | 68.33 |
20 | 50 | 7 | 6.25 | 300 | 124.33 | 58.5 |
21 | 70 | 7 | 6.25 | 300 | 107.66 | 64 |
22 | 50 | 7 | 6.25 | 400 | 140 | 65 |
23 | 10 | 11 | 0.25 | 500 | 500 | 0 |
24 | 10 | 3 | 0.25 | 500 | 500 | 0 |
25 | 90 | 3 | 12.25 | 500 | 207 | 58.6 |
26 | 90 | 11 | 0.25 | 500 | 500 | 0 |
27 | 10 | 11 | 12.25 | 500 | 451.66 | 9.66 |
28 | 10 | 3 | 12.25 | 500 | 438 | 12.4 |
29 | 90 | 11 | 12.25 | 500 | 221.66 | 55.66 |
30 | 90 | 3 | 0.25 | 500 | 500 | 0 |