Due to the high elevation range in the Alaknanda basin, the snowmelt is found as a predominant factor in the streamflow. Results of this study show the snowmelt's contribution in the total streamflow ranges between 20 and 24% (Table 4), whereas the contribution of rainfall is also high in the streamflow, which also ranges between 10 and 36% (Table 4). The loss of water due to ET will range from 34 to 39% of the total precipitation received by the catchment (Figure 10(a) and 10(b)). The groundwater contribution of the basin is also good due to the contribution of springs to the streamflow. These springs are recharged during the monsoons and provide an adequate amount of water to the streamflow. A very little amount of water percolates into the deep aquifer due to the presence of hard strata. The components of the water yield are shown in Figure 10(a) and 10(b). It also shows there is a heavy loss of water through ET. An adequate amount of runoff is found at the basin outlet due to the combined effect of rainfall, snowmelt, and groundwater flow. Also, recharge of shallow aquifers in the basin due to precipitation ranges from 15 to 17%, 2% of water is re-evaporated through groundwater, and only 1% of water is used to recharge the deep aquifers (Figure 10(a) and 10(b)).
Table 4

Water balance components for Alaknanda basin

ComponentsInitial simulationFinal simulation
Precipitation 786.3 689.3 
Snow fall 74.61 70.57 
Snow melt 74.44 70.49 
Sublimation 0.32 0.29 
Surface runoff 160 121.95 
Lateral soil 194.73 169.33 
Groundwater (shallow aquifer) 135.78 106.31 
Groundwater (deep aquifer) 6.38 
Re-evaporation through Shallow aquifer 15.71 16.14 
Deep aquifer recharge 7.97 6.44 
Total aquifer recharge 159.42 128.82 
Total water yield 498.52 403.98 
Percolation out of soil 159.35 128.78 
ET 272.9 270 
PET 786 807 
All units are in mm 
ComponentsInitial simulationFinal simulation
Precipitation 786.3 689.3 
Snow fall 74.61 70.57 
Snow melt 74.44 70.49 
Sublimation 0.32 0.29 
Surface runoff 160 121.95 
Lateral soil 194.73 169.33 
Groundwater (shallow aquifer) 135.78 106.31 
Groundwater (deep aquifer) 6.38 
Re-evaporation through Shallow aquifer 15.71 16.14 
Deep aquifer recharge 7.97 6.44 
Total aquifer recharge 159.42 128.82 
Total water yield 498.52 403.98 
Percolation out of soil 159.35 128.78 
ET 272.9 270 
PET 786 807 
All units are in mm 
Figure 10

Water balance components for (a) initial simulation (b) final simulation.

Figure 10

Water balance components for (a) initial simulation (b) final simulation.

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