Two particular P systems robustly direct the hydro-climatology of the UJRB; western disturbance and monsoon that prevailed in northwestern and southern parts of the UJRB, respectively. The mean annual precipitation of the northwestern and southern parts of the UJRB is 846 and 1,893 mm, respectively. The average yearly minimum temperature (T_min) and maximum temperatures (T_max) of UJRB are 0.3 °C (Dec–Jan) and 29.5 °C (Jun–Jul), respectively. The UJRB's temperature drops as elevation rises (from south to north), but P does not follow the particular trend in such a complex topography. The mean annual discharge at Azad Pattan station is 833 m³/s. About 75% of the overall inflow into the Mangla reservoir occurs between March and August, primarily due to monsoon rains with a small amount of snowmelt. As a result, river runoff increases from March to April, reaching its peak in May–July owing to monsoon rain (June–August) and snowmelt. The average annual P of different climatic stations over the UJRB and their characteristics are listed in Table 1.