For the reasons related to the modeling of the LID tool, the selected rainfall events were divided into convective and stratiform categories based on their rainfall shape profile (Terranova & Iaquinta 2011). They were separately modeled since it was shown by Mobilia & Longobardi (2020) that SWMM LID tool is affected by the behavioral effects of events with different shapes of rainfall profiles. Two different calibration phases were performed for the two classes of events. Their relevant properties are illustrated in Table 6.
Rainfall characteristics of the selected events
| . | . | Rain gauges . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of event . | Criteria . | Corbara . | Lettere . | Pompei . | San Marzano . | San Mauro . | Sarno . | Sarno acq. . |
| Stratiform | 31.10.2012 | |||||||
| Rainfall Intensity (5 min) | 44.4 | 32.4 | 12 | 12 | 21.6 | 4.8 | 10.8 | |
| (mm/h) | ||||||||
| Return Period (years) | >100 | 16.18 | 2.17 | 2.33 | 4.75 | 1.68 | 1.82 | |
| Affected areas | 7 | |||||||
| 21.01.2014 | ||||||||
| Rainfall Intensity (5 min) | 24 | 19.2 | 26.4 | 19.2 | 16.8 | 13.2 | 16.8 | |
| (mm/h) | ||||||||
| Return Period (years) | 10.38 | 7.61 | 4.51 | 4.94 | 6.78 | 3.88 | 4.25 | |
| Affected areas | 6 | |||||||
| Convective | 13.09.2012 | |||||||
| Rainfall Intensity (5 min) | 115.20 | 84.00 | 85.20 | 48.00 | 48.00 | 74.40 | 55.20 | |
| (mm/h) | ||||||||
| Return Period (years) | >100 | 60.70 | 35.95 | 9.32 | >100 | 12.21 | 6.70 | |
| Affected areas | 14 | |||||||
| 20.11.2013 | ||||||||
| Rainfall Intensity (5 min) | 42.00 | 68.40 | 10.80 | 25.20 | 52.80 | 25.20 | 20.40 | |
| (mm/h) | ||||||||
| Return Period (years) | 5.71 | 10.20 | 1.75 | 2.57 | 5.27 | 2.64 | 2.14 | |
| Affected areas | 8 | |||||||
| . | . | Rain gauges . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of event . | Criteria . | Corbara . | Lettere . | Pompei . | San Marzano . | San Mauro . | Sarno . | Sarno acq. . |
| Stratiform | 31.10.2012 | |||||||
| Rainfall Intensity (5 min) | 44.4 | 32.4 | 12 | 12 | 21.6 | 4.8 | 10.8 | |
| (mm/h) | ||||||||
| Return Period (years) | >100 | 16.18 | 2.17 | 2.33 | 4.75 | 1.68 | 1.82 | |
| Affected areas | 7 | |||||||
| 21.01.2014 | ||||||||
| Rainfall Intensity (5 min) | 24 | 19.2 | 26.4 | 19.2 | 16.8 | 13.2 | 16.8 | |
| (mm/h) | ||||||||
| Return Period (years) | 10.38 | 7.61 | 4.51 | 4.94 | 6.78 | 3.88 | 4.25 | |
| Affected areas | 6 | |||||||
| Convective | 13.09.2012 | |||||||
| Rainfall Intensity (5 min) | 115.20 | 84.00 | 85.20 | 48.00 | 48.00 | 74.40 | 55.20 | |
| (mm/h) | ||||||||
| Return Period (years) | >100 | 60.70 | 35.95 | 9.32 | >100 | 12.21 | 6.70 | |
| Affected areas | 14 | |||||||
| 20.11.2013 | ||||||||
| Rainfall Intensity (5 min) | 42.00 | 68.40 | 10.80 | 25.20 | 52.80 | 25.20 | 20.40 | |
| (mm/h) | ||||||||
| Return Period (years) | 5.71 | 10.20 | 1.75 | 2.57 | 5.27 | 2.64 | 2.14 | |
| Affected areas | 8 | |||||||
Characteristics of the selected rainfall–runoff events
| Date . | Duration [min] . | Cumulative rainfall [mm] . | Peak Intensity [mm/h] . | Retention coefficient [%] . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convective events | ||||
| 25/07/2017 07:20 | 420 | 2.8 | 2.032 | 82 |
| 07/09/2017 12:10 | 540 | 4.6 | 2.286 | 69 |
| 07/11/2017 10:00 | 360 | 15.2 | 9.398 | 79 |
| 10/01/2018 00:15 | 540 | 30.2 | 10.160 | 45 |
| 11/01/2018 17:00 | 960 | 20.1 | 9.398 | 22 |
| 17/01/2018 08:15 | 180 | 1.3 | 1.016 | 77 |
| 17/01/2018 19:45 | 60 | 3.6 | 3.556 | 78 |
| 01/02/2018 21:15 | 300 | 3.3 | 1.524 | 80 |
| 13/02/2018 17:35 | 60 | 0.8 | 0.762 | 81 |
| 02/03/2018 09:55 | 240 | 3.3 | 1.778 | 38 |
| 09/04/2018 06:00 | 180 | 6.1 | 3.556 | 80 |
| 17/04/2018 16:50 | 360 | 5.8 | 5.334 | 83 |
| 23/05/2018 10:00 | 300 | 13.0 | 4.826 | 11 |
| 07/11/2018 04:00 | 360 | 16.0 | 6.350 | 25 |
| 08/12/2018 06:15 | 60 | 2.79 | 2.794 | 80 |
| 08/12/2018 10:00 | 120 | 5.84 | 4.572 | 43 |
| 10/12/2018 19:00 | 120 | 1.78 | 1.524 | 82 |
| 10/01/2019 01:00 | 360 | 6.60 | 2.286 | 79 |
| 22/04/2019 18:15 | 120 | 3.56 | 1.778 | 91 |
| Average value | 297 | 7.71 | 3.944 | 61 |
| Stratiform events | ||||
| 03/02/2018 12:50 | 1,200 | 12.4 | 3.810 | 37 |
| 07/02/2018 14:00 | 840 | 11.2 | 4.826 | 7 |
| 20/02/2018 02:01 | 1,080 | 11.4 | 2.286 | 19 |
| 03/03/2018 06:57 | 720 | 11.4 | 2.286 | 28 |
| 03/05/2018 16:00 | 180 | 7.1 | 4.826 | 78 |
| 20/12/2018 15:00 | 240 | 3.81 | 2.032 | 76 |
| 22/12/2018 02:00 | 240 | 6.35 | 2.286 | 37 |
| 09/01/2019 12:00 | 180 | 5.33 | 3.302 | 70 |
| 11/02/2019 14:40 | 180 | 4.32 | 2.54 | 79 |
| 12/04/2019 21:35 | 180 | 5.33 | 3.556 | 26 |
| Average value | 504 | 7.87 | 3.175 | 46 |
| Date . | Duration [min] . | Cumulative rainfall [mm] . | Peak Intensity [mm/h] . | Retention coefficient [%] . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convective events | ||||
| 25/07/2017 07:20 | 420 | 2.8 | 2.032 | 82 |
| 07/09/2017 12:10 | 540 | 4.6 | 2.286 | 69 |
| 07/11/2017 10:00 | 360 | 15.2 | 9.398 | 79 |
| 10/01/2018 00:15 | 540 | 30.2 | 10.160 | 45 |
| 11/01/2018 17:00 | 960 | 20.1 | 9.398 | 22 |
| 17/01/2018 08:15 | 180 | 1.3 | 1.016 | 77 |
| 17/01/2018 19:45 | 60 | 3.6 | 3.556 | 78 |
| 01/02/2018 21:15 | 300 | 3.3 | 1.524 | 80 |
| 13/02/2018 17:35 | 60 | 0.8 | 0.762 | 81 |
| 02/03/2018 09:55 | 240 | 3.3 | 1.778 | 38 |
| 09/04/2018 06:00 | 180 | 6.1 | 3.556 | 80 |
| 17/04/2018 16:50 | 360 | 5.8 | 5.334 | 83 |
| 23/05/2018 10:00 | 300 | 13.0 | 4.826 | 11 |
| 07/11/2018 04:00 | 360 | 16.0 | 6.350 | 25 |
| 08/12/2018 06:15 | 60 | 2.79 | 2.794 | 80 |
| 08/12/2018 10:00 | 120 | 5.84 | 4.572 | 43 |
| 10/12/2018 19:00 | 120 | 1.78 | 1.524 | 82 |
| 10/01/2019 01:00 | 360 | 6.60 | 2.286 | 79 |
| 22/04/2019 18:15 | 120 | 3.56 | 1.778 | 91 |
| Average value | 297 | 7.71 | 3.944 | 61 |
| Stratiform events | ||||
| 03/02/2018 12:50 | 1,200 | 12.4 | 3.810 | 37 |
| 07/02/2018 14:00 | 840 | 11.2 | 4.826 | 7 |
| 20/02/2018 02:01 | 1,080 | 11.4 | 2.286 | 19 |
| 03/03/2018 06:57 | 720 | 11.4 | 2.286 | 28 |
| 03/05/2018 16:00 | 180 | 7.1 | 4.826 | 78 |
| 20/12/2018 15:00 | 240 | 3.81 | 2.032 | 76 |
| 22/12/2018 02:00 | 240 | 6.35 | 2.286 | 37 |
| 09/01/2019 12:00 | 180 | 5.33 | 3.302 | 70 |
| 11/02/2019 14:40 | 180 | 4.32 | 2.54 | 79 |
| 12/04/2019 21:35 | 180 | 5.33 | 3.556 | 26 |
| Average value | 504 | 7.87 | 3.175 | 46 |