As a first attempt, a 23-full factorial design was performed where the addition of nutrients, temperature, and concentration of white GP waste was chosen as independent factors, and its influence on the MCCA concentration and yield and butyrate to acetate ratio was studied (Table 2). The total number of experiments was eight, each one with three replicates. The temperature factor was selected to determine its effect on microbial community development. It has been discussed that the optimum temperature range for MCCA-producing bacteria is between 30 and 37 °C (Wu et al. 2019). The GP waste can be limited in components to sustain the MCCA production; therefore, nutrient addition was evaluated. Finally, the initial GP waste concentration was evaluated due to the possibility of the accumulation or consumption of a precursor, such as ethanol or SCCA, that may have a critical effect on MCCA production.

Table 2

Coded and actual factors and variable levels

Experiment numberCoded factors and variable levels
Actual factors and variable levels
X1X2X3NutrientsaTemperature (°C)Solids concentration (g TS/L)
− − − N (−) 30 21.00 ± 0.09 
− − N (−) 30 11.03 ± 0.00 
− − N (−) 37 10.99 ± 0.09 
− N (−) 37 20.96 ± 0.01 
− − N (+) 30 11.11 ± 0.00 
− N (+) 30 21.09 ± 0.09 
− N (+) 37 11.16 ± 0.04 
N (+) 37 21.04 ± 0.04 
Experiment numberCoded factors and variable levels
Actual factors and variable levels
X1X2X3NutrientsaTemperature (°C)Solids concentration (g TS/L)
− − − N (−) 30 21.00 ± 0.09 
− − N (−) 30 11.03 ± 0.00 
− − N (−) 37 10.99 ± 0.09 
− N (−) 37 20.96 ± 0.01 
− − N (+) 30 11.11 ± 0.00 
− N (+) 30 21.09 ± 0.09 
− N (+) 37 11.16 ± 0.04 
N (+) 37 21.04 ± 0.04 

aNutrients is a categorical variable, and N (−) and N (+) means without and with nutrients addition, respectively; TS: total solids content.

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