The next step is to divide the data into four time periods and calculate the average value of that time period, as shown in Table 1. The change in spatial characteristics over time is shown in Figure 4(b). GWR indicated no significant changes in the SDE and the mean center, but the central feature shifted from the previous LH to XC in 2010–2014, and then returned to LH after 2014. The changes in SWR and TWR were similar, with no significant change in the shape of the SDE, but its position shifted significantly in 2010–2014. Different from SWR's ZMD, the initial central feature of TWR was located in LH, but it moved to ZMD during 2004–2009. Subsequently, SWR and TWR moved to PDS simultaneously in 2010–2014, and moved back to ZMD in 2015–2019. In addition, the mean centers of SWR and TWR fluctuated significantly during this period (2010–2014), while the mean center of GWR fluctuated less.

Table 1

Multiyear water resource statistics by the time period (unit: billion m3)

City1999–2004
2005–2009
2010–2014
2015–2019
SWRGWRTWRSWRGWRTWRSWRGWRTWRSWRGWRTWR
Zhengzhou 0.647 1.006 1.309 0.512 0.882 1.068 0.478 0.847 0.935 0.391 0.633 0.794 
Kaifeng 0.431 0.833 1.175 0.483 0.801 1.179 0.375 0.683 0.957 0.339 0.721 0.92 
Luoyang 1.895 1.198 2.325 1.825 1.306 2.172 2.483 1.287 2.799 1.469 1.15 1.756 
Pingdingshan 1.998 0.84 2.485 1.471 0.786 1.913 1.523 0.688 1.905 0.86 0.576 1.186 
Anyang 0.501 0.958 1.17 0.534 0.848 1.139 0.406 0.815 0.993 0.495 0.812 1.076 
Hebi 0.128 0.31 0.368 0.155 0.268 0.353 0.114 0.237 0.29 0.11 0.223 0.265 
Xinxiang 0.527 1.257 1.432 0.55 1.097 1.402 0.436 1.076 1.238 0.391 1.004 1.111 
Jiaozuo 0.345 0.603 0.792 0.397 0.546 0.839 0.34 0.572 0.797 0.315 0.522 0.734 
Puyang 0.225 0.652 0.7 0.251 0.565 0.645 0.212 0.536 0.565 0.117 0.513 0.431 
Xuchang 0.411 0.739 1.021 0.417 0.666 0.936 0.324 0.576 0.765 0.255 0.513 0.693 
Luohe 0.346 0.435 0.754 0.291 0.374 0.62 0.193 0.359 0.524 0.159 0.36 0.482 
Sanmenxia 1.339 0.592 1.466 1.327 0.575 1.435 1.623 0.661 1.751 1.108 0.67 1.211 
Nanyang 6.146 2.353 7.171 6.584 2.269 7.443 5.78 2.176 6.689 3.573 2.189 4.547 
Shangqiu 0.792 1.489 2.224 0.567 1.421 1.953 0.428 1.203 1.587 0.596 1.064 1.618 
Xinyang 7.997 2.856 8.967 7.735 2.871 8.481 4.699 2.264 5.388 7.369 2.661 7.893 
Zhoukou 1.36 1.77 2.883 1.307 1.941 2.925 0.883 1.686 2.218 0.753 1.582 2.103 
Zhumadian 3.711 2.164 5.41 4.646 2.21 6.06 1.693 1.71 2.818 2.807 2.1 4.026 
Jiyuan 0.226 0.199 0.303 0.277 0.196 0.349 0.237 0.271 0.32 0.204 0.194 0.282 
City1999–2004
2005–2009
2010–2014
2015–2019
SWRGWRTWRSWRGWRTWRSWRGWRTWRSWRGWRTWR
Zhengzhou 0.647 1.006 1.309 0.512 0.882 1.068 0.478 0.847 0.935 0.391 0.633 0.794 
Kaifeng 0.431 0.833 1.175 0.483 0.801 1.179 0.375 0.683 0.957 0.339 0.721 0.92 
Luoyang 1.895 1.198 2.325 1.825 1.306 2.172 2.483 1.287 2.799 1.469 1.15 1.756 
Pingdingshan 1.998 0.84 2.485 1.471 0.786 1.913 1.523 0.688 1.905 0.86 0.576 1.186 
Anyang 0.501 0.958 1.17 0.534 0.848 1.139 0.406 0.815 0.993 0.495 0.812 1.076 
Hebi 0.128 0.31 0.368 0.155 0.268 0.353 0.114 0.237 0.29 0.11 0.223 0.265 
Xinxiang 0.527 1.257 1.432 0.55 1.097 1.402 0.436 1.076 1.238 0.391 1.004 1.111 
Jiaozuo 0.345 0.603 0.792 0.397 0.546 0.839 0.34 0.572 0.797 0.315 0.522 0.734 
Puyang 0.225 0.652 0.7 0.251 0.565 0.645 0.212 0.536 0.565 0.117 0.513 0.431 
Xuchang 0.411 0.739 1.021 0.417 0.666 0.936 0.324 0.576 0.765 0.255 0.513 0.693 
Luohe 0.346 0.435 0.754 0.291 0.374 0.62 0.193 0.359 0.524 0.159 0.36 0.482 
Sanmenxia 1.339 0.592 1.466 1.327 0.575 1.435 1.623 0.661 1.751 1.108 0.67 1.211 
Nanyang 6.146 2.353 7.171 6.584 2.269 7.443 5.78 2.176 6.689 3.573 2.189 4.547 
Shangqiu 0.792 1.489 2.224 0.567 1.421 1.953 0.428 1.203 1.587 0.596 1.064 1.618 
Xinyang 7.997 2.856 8.967 7.735 2.871 8.481 4.699 2.264 5.388 7.369 2.661 7.893 
Zhoukou 1.36 1.77 2.883 1.307 1.941 2.925 0.883 1.686 2.218 0.753 1.582 2.103 
Zhumadian 3.711 2.164 5.41 4.646 2.21 6.06 1.693 1.71 2.818 2.807 2.1 4.026 
Jiyuan 0.226 0.199 0.303 0.277 0.196 0.349 0.237 0.271 0.32 0.204 0.194 0.282 
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