All channels selected in DG Khan Zone are mostly silted up. Sarkanda (a local weed) and vegetation growth from both sides of the banks of channels have been observed. It was observed that silt about 6–10 inches (1 in = 2.54 cm) depth deposited in the pond site of Shaheena Disty. Panels are broken in the tail reach. In Faisalabad Zone, silt and vegetation growth have been observed in lined channels. Water was reaching at the tail of lined channels Nasrana, Lagar and Sehtiwala Minor. In Sargodha Zone sarkanda and vegetative growth along both banks of the Sillanwali Disty and silt in the bed of the canal and lined water course were observed. Water was reaching at the tail end of the Khadir Disty which was being lined. The unlined channel is in very dilapidated condition, broken banks, widened sections, vegetative growth were causing hindrances in flow, and therefore, practically was not possible to run this unlined channel at full supply level. In Bahawalpur Zone, channels were running with silt-free beds. Outlets were showing silt deposits in the bed. Vegetation was observed in the tail reach of the channels. I-R/3-R Hakra was lined with geosynthetic laid down with a cover of brick, concrete, and slab. Water was reaching at the tail of the channel. Some of the parameters observed during field visits, surveys, and investigation have been enlisted in Table 6.

Table 6

Summary of impacts of canal lining

SrName of parameterNo changeModerate changeSignificant change
Cropping intensity   
Crop yields and production  Slightly increased  
Theft case   Reduced 
Watch and ward   Improved 
Water allowance   
Post-project employment opportunities   
Health conditions   
Groundwater levels   
Groundwater quality   
Canal seepage rates   Reduced (∼78%) 
10 Groundwater recharge  Reduced (∼3%)  
11 Tail feeding  Improved  
12 Sedimentation  Reduced  
13 Vegetation growth  Reduced  
14 O&M cost  Reduced  
15 Hydraulic parameter (ref. Table 5)   Variation from design values 
16 Canal bank breaches   Reduced 
17 Workmanship during lining  Needs improvement  
18 Sealing of joints  Needs improvement  
SrName of parameterNo changeModerate changeSignificant change
Cropping intensity   
Crop yields and production  Slightly increased  
Theft case   Reduced 
Watch and ward   Improved 
Water allowance   
Post-project employment opportunities   
Health conditions   
Groundwater levels   
Groundwater quality   
Canal seepage rates   Reduced (∼78%) 
10 Groundwater recharge  Reduced (∼3%)  
11 Tail feeding  Improved  
12 Sedimentation  Reduced  
13 Vegetation growth  Reduced  
14 O&M cost  Reduced  
15 Hydraulic parameter (ref. Table 5)   Variation from design values 
16 Canal bank breaches   Reduced 
17 Workmanship during lining  Needs improvement  
18 Sealing of joints  Needs improvement  

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