The evaluation indexes of simulated results are shown in Table 2. It can be found that the GXM has achieved good flood simulation accuracy in the Tunxi and Qianhe River Basins, which makes it greatly practical in flood management and utilization. However, the simulation accuracy of the GXM in the Qianhe River Basin was lower than that in the Tunxi River Basin. By comparing the hydrographs of the above four flood events, it can be clearly found that the shape of the hydrographs in the Qianhe River Basin fluctuated more obviously and the difference in flood peak discharge was larger. The reason for the flood simulation results is mainly because the GXM is mainly suitable for humid and semi-humid areas, while the Qianhe River Basin is a semi-arid area. The formation process of rainfall runoff in semi-arid regions is more complicated than that in humid regions, with both full-storage runoff and excess infiltration runoff, which brings great difficulties to runoff simulation.
Figure 12

The simulated hydrographs in the Tunxi Basin during 1 July–13 July 2020.

Figure 12

The simulated hydrographs in the Tunxi Basin during 1 July–13 July 2020.

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Figure 13

The simulated hydrographs in the Tunxi Basin during 17 June–24 June 2016.

Figure 13

The simulated hydrographs in the Tunxi Basin during 17 June–24 June 2016.

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Figure 14

The simulated hydrographs in the Qianhe River Basin during 23 July–27 July 2010.

Figure 14

The simulated hydrographs in the Qianhe River Basin during 23 July–27 July 2010.

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Figure 15

The simulated hydrographs in the Qianhe River Basin during 10 July–13 July 2018.

Figure 15

The simulated hydrographs in the Qianhe River Basin during 10 July–13 July 2018.

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Table 2

Performance of the GXM in the Tunxi Basin and the Qianhe River Basin

Flood eventRE (%)Peak time difference (h)NSERMSE (m/s)
Event 1 in Tunxi −5.909 0.9754 164.89 
Event 2 in Tunxi 13.167 −1 0.9850 141.27 
Event 3 in Qianhe River 14.518 −1 0.823 205.06 
Event 4 in Qianhe River 11.861 0.8853 110.34 
Flood eventRE (%)Peak time difference (h)NSERMSE (m/s)
Event 1 in Tunxi −5.909 0.9754 164.89 
Event 2 in Tunxi 13.167 −1 0.9850 141.27 
Event 3 in Qianhe River 14.518 −1 0.823 205.06 
Event 4 in Qianhe River 11.861 0.8853 110.34 
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