In this study, the measured concentration of seven heavy metals was performed to assess the health risk through water sources in the age groups of adults, teenagers, and children. The average and standard deviation (SD) of CDI for heavy metals for different age groups are shown in Figure 2. The minimum, maximum, average, SD, and percentages of 10th, 30th, 60th, and 90th of HQ for heavy metals for different age groups are shown in Table 3. According to Table 3, the average values of HQ for all heavy metals were less than one. Mean values of HQ in children for Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, Pb, and As were 8.1 × 10−3, 1.96 × 10−2, 4.57 × 10−2, 1.60 × 10−3, 2.19 × 10−1, 2.51 × 10−2, and 7.56 × 10−1, respectively. Mean values of HQ in teenagers for Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, Pb, and As were 6.30 × 10−3, 1.53 × 10−2, 3.58 × 10−2, 1.22 × 10−3, 1.70 × 10−1, 1.92 × 10−2, and 5.78 × 10−1, respectively. Also, mean values of HQ in adults for Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, Pb, and As were 4.90 × 10−3, 1.14 × 10−2, 2.76 × 10−2, 9.68 × 10−4, 1.33 × 10−1, 1.49 × 10−2, and 4.53 × 10−1, respectively.
Table 3
Probability estimation of HQ due to heavy metal exposure in drinking water
| Trace element | Age groups | Mean | Min | Max | SD | 10% | 30% | 60% | 90% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | Children | 8.15 × 10−3 | − 2.49 × 10−3 | 4.55 × 10−2 | 4.91 × 10−3 | 2.90 × 10−3 | 5.25 × 10−3 | 8.38 × 10−3 | 1.44 × 10−3 |
| Teens | 6.30 × 10−3 | − 1.59 × 10−3 | 3.14 × 10−2 | 3.74 × 10−3 | 2.20 × 10−3 | 4.05 × 10−3 | 6.59 × 10−3 | 1.11 × 10−2 | |
| Adults | 4.90 × 10−3 | − 1.41 × 10−3 | 2.18 × 10−2 | 2.94 × 10−3 | 1.75 × 10−3 | 3.11 × 10−3 | 5.06 × 10−3 | 8.75 × 10−3 | |
| Cu | Children | 1.96 × 10−2 | 7.86 × 10−6 | 1.27 | 4.86 × 10−2 | 9.99 × 10−4 | 3.01 × 10−3 | 9.48 × 10−3 | 4.46 × 10−2 |
| Teens | 1.53 × 10−2 | 1.67 × 10−3 | 1.28 | 3.90 × 10−2 | 7.27 × 10−4 | 2.25 × 10−3 | 7.44 × 10−3 | 3.47 × 10−2 | |
| Adults | 1.14 × 10−2 | 1.57 × 10−5 | 9.38 × 10−1 | 3.09 × 10−2 | 5.82 × 10−4 | 1.82 × 10−3 | 1.82 × 10−3 | 2.49 × 10−2 | |
| Mn | Children | 4.57 × 10−2 | − 9.04 × 10−1 | 8.49 × 10−1 | 1.46 × 10−1 | − 1.28 × 10−1 | − 2.17 × 10−2 | 7.54 × 10−2 | 2.22 × 10−1 |
| Teens | 3.58 × 10−2 | − 5.86 × 10−1 | 6.37 × 10−1 | 1.11 × 10−1 | − 9.66 × 10−2 | − 1.41 × 10−2 | 5.94 × 10−2 | 1.69 × 10−1 | |
| Adults | 2.76 × 10−2 | − 6.30 × 10−1 | 5.22 × 10−1 | 8.69 × 10−2 | − 7.37 × 10−2 | − 1.13 × 10−2 | 4.53 × 10−2 | 1.32 × 10−1 | |
| Zn | Children | 1.60 × 10−3 | 7.50 × 10−6 | 5.66 × 10−2 | 2.73 × 10−3 | 1.80 × 10−4 | 4.29 × 10−4 | 1.07 × 10−3 | 3.56 × 10−3 |
| Teens | 1.22 × 10−3 | 8.94 × 10−6 | 5.92 × 10−2 | 2.06 × 10−3 | 1.35 × 10−4 | 3.30 × 10−4 | 8.31 × 10−4 | 2.85 × 10−3 | |
| Adults | 9.68 × 10−4 | 5.10 × 10−6 | 3.12 × 10−2 | 1.61 × 10−3 | 1.01 × 10−4 | 2.47 × 10−4 | 6.43× 10−4 | 2.21 × 10−3 | |
| Cr | Children | 2.19 × 10−1 | − 3.50 | 1.34 | 3.55 × 10−1 | − 2.41 × 10−1 | 9.43 × 10−2 | 3.50 × 10−1 | 6.10 × 10−1 |
| Teens | 1.70 × 10−1 | − 2.12 | 9.50 × 10−1 | 2.72 × 10−1 | − 1.78 × 10−1 | 7.52 × 10−2 | 2.66 × 10−1 | 4.67 × 10−1 | |
| Adults | 1.33 × 10−1 | − 2.34 | 7.46 × 10−1 | 2.11 × 10−1 | − 1.31 × 10−1 | 5.79 × 10−2 | 2.09 × 10−1 | 3.61 × 10−1 | |
| Pb | Children | 2.51 × 10−2 | 1.98 × 10−6 | 2.86 × 10−1 | 2.59 × 10−2 | 2.61 × 10−3 | 8.93 × 10−3 | 2.25 × 10−2 | 5.79 × 10−2 |
| Teens | 1.92 × 10−2 | 4.46 × 10−6 | 1.77 × 10−1 | 1.96 × 10−2 | 1.99 × 10−3 | 6.65 × 10−3 | 1.75 × 10−2 | 4.42 × 10−2 | |
| Adults | 1.49 × 10−2 | 3.34 × 10−7 | 1.39 × 10−1 | 1.53 × 10−2 | 1.43 × 10−3 | 5.17 × 10−3 | 1.34 × 10−2 | 3.46 × 10−2 | |
| As | Children | 7.56 × 10−1 | 1.06 × 10−1 | 2.88 × 101 | 1.71 | 1.54 × 10−1 | 1.76 × 10−1 | 2.27 × 10−1 | 1.81 |
| Teens | 5.78 × 10−1 | 7.37 × 10−2 | 2.10 × 101 | 1.32 | 1.18 × 10−1 | 1.35 × 10−1 | 1.74 × 10−1 | 1.34 | |
| Adults | 4.53 × 10−1 | 6.23 × 10−2 | 3.07 × 101 | 1.09 | 9.16 × 10−2 | 1.05 × 10−1 | 1.33 × 10−1 | 1.03 | |
| HI (Mean) | Children = 1.08; Teen = 8.26 × 10−1; Adult = 6.46 × 10−1 | ||||||||
| Trace element | Age groups | Mean | Min | Max | SD | 10% | 30% | 60% | 90% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | Children | 8.15 × 10−3 | − 2.49 × 10−3 | 4.55 × 10−2 | 4.91 × 10−3 | 2.90 × 10−3 | 5.25 × 10−3 | 8.38 × 10−3 | 1.44 × 10−3 |
| Teens | 6.30 × 10−3 | − 1.59 × 10−3 | 3.14 × 10−2 | 3.74 × 10−3 | 2.20 × 10−3 | 4.05 × 10−3 | 6.59 × 10−3 | 1.11 × 10−2 | |
| Adults | 4.90 × 10−3 | − 1.41 × 10−3 | 2.18 × 10−2 | 2.94 × 10−3 | 1.75 × 10−3 | 3.11 × 10−3 | 5.06 × 10−3 | 8.75 × 10−3 | |
| Cu | Children | 1.96 × 10−2 | 7.86 × 10−6 | 1.27 | 4.86 × 10−2 | 9.99 × 10−4 | 3.01 × 10−3 | 9.48 × 10−3 | 4.46 × 10−2 |
| Teens | 1.53 × 10−2 | 1.67 × 10−3 | 1.28 | 3.90 × 10−2 | 7.27 × 10−4 | 2.25 × 10−3 | 7.44 × 10−3 | 3.47 × 10−2 | |
| Adults | 1.14 × 10−2 | 1.57 × 10−5 | 9.38 × 10−1 | 3.09 × 10−2 | 5.82 × 10−4 | 1.82 × 10−3 | 1.82 × 10−3 | 2.49 × 10−2 | |
| Mn | Children | 4.57 × 10−2 | − 9.04 × 10−1 | 8.49 × 10−1 | 1.46 × 10−1 | − 1.28 × 10−1 | − 2.17 × 10−2 | 7.54 × 10−2 | 2.22 × 10−1 |
| Teens | 3.58 × 10−2 | − 5.86 × 10−1 | 6.37 × 10−1 | 1.11 × 10−1 | − 9.66 × 10−2 | − 1.41 × 10−2 | 5.94 × 10−2 | 1.69 × 10−1 | |
| Adults | 2.76 × 10−2 | − 6.30 × 10−1 | 5.22 × 10−1 | 8.69 × 10−2 | − 7.37 × 10−2 | − 1.13 × 10−2 | 4.53 × 10−2 | 1.32 × 10−1 | |
| Zn | Children | 1.60 × 10−3 | 7.50 × 10−6 | 5.66 × 10−2 | 2.73 × 10−3 | 1.80 × 10−4 | 4.29 × 10−4 | 1.07 × 10−3 | 3.56 × 10−3 |
| Teens | 1.22 × 10−3 | 8.94 × 10−6 | 5.92 × 10−2 | 2.06 × 10−3 | 1.35 × 10−4 | 3.30 × 10−4 | 8.31 × 10−4 | 2.85 × 10−3 | |
| Adults | 9.68 × 10−4 | 5.10 × 10−6 | 3.12 × 10−2 | 1.61 × 10−3 | 1.01 × 10−4 | 2.47 × 10−4 | 6.43× 10−4 | 2.21 × 10−3 | |
| Cr | Children | 2.19 × 10−1 | − 3.50 | 1.34 | 3.55 × 10−1 | − 2.41 × 10−1 | 9.43 × 10−2 | 3.50 × 10−1 | 6.10 × 10−1 |
| Teens | 1.70 × 10−1 | − 2.12 | 9.50 × 10−1 | 2.72 × 10−1 | − 1.78 × 10−1 | 7.52 × 10−2 | 2.66 × 10−1 | 4.67 × 10−1 | |
| Adults | 1.33 × 10−1 | − 2.34 | 7.46 × 10−1 | 2.11 × 10−1 | − 1.31 × 10−1 | 5.79 × 10−2 | 2.09 × 10−1 | 3.61 × 10−1 | |
| Pb | Children | 2.51 × 10−2 | 1.98 × 10−6 | 2.86 × 10−1 | 2.59 × 10−2 | 2.61 × 10−3 | 8.93 × 10−3 | 2.25 × 10−2 | 5.79 × 10−2 |
| Teens | 1.92 × 10−2 | 4.46 × 10−6 | 1.77 × 10−1 | 1.96 × 10−2 | 1.99 × 10−3 | 6.65 × 10−3 | 1.75 × 10−2 | 4.42 × 10−2 | |
| Adults | 1.49 × 10−2 | 3.34 × 10−7 | 1.39 × 10−1 | 1.53 × 10−2 | 1.43 × 10−3 | 5.17 × 10−3 | 1.34 × 10−2 | 3.46 × 10−2 | |
| As | Children | 7.56 × 10−1 | 1.06 × 10−1 | 2.88 × 101 | 1.71 | 1.54 × 10−1 | 1.76 × 10−1 | 2.27 × 10−1 | 1.81 |
| Teens | 5.78 × 10−1 | 7.37 × 10−2 | 2.10 × 101 | 1.32 | 1.18 × 10−1 | 1.35 × 10−1 | 1.74 × 10−1 | 1.34 | |
| Adults | 4.53 × 10−1 | 6.23 × 10−2 | 3.07 × 101 | 1.09 | 9.16 × 10−2 | 1.05 × 10−1 | 1.33 × 10−1 | 1.03 | |
| HI (Mean) | Children = 1.08; Teen = 8.26 × 10−1; Adult = 6.46 × 10−1 | ||||||||
Figure 2
Probability estimation of CDI due to heavy metal exposures in drinking water.