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PAE concentrations are detected more in low river-flowing areas, specifically in reservoirs than the high river-flowing areas. Hence, the proposed and completed artificial human-constructed dams on the river will potentially aggravate organic compounds pollution by making changes in hydrology. Translocation of pollutants is inhibited particularly by low river flow, which results in exacerbating ecological risk in the river and enrichment in small areas. The results show the river flow rate effect on the distribution of PAEs and the effects of urbanization (Sun et al. 2013). Table 2 summarizes the concentration of different types of phthalate esters present in different regions.

Table 2

Occurrence of phthalate esters in different sources of water

Phthalate	Source	Concentration	Highlight	Country	References
DEP, DBP, BBP and DEHP	River sediments (Kaveri)	DEHP – 1,400 μg kg⁻¹, DEP – 85 μg kg⁻¹, BBP – 7.8 μg kg⁻¹; and DBP – 664 μg kg⁻¹	Total phthalates ranged from 313 to 4,640 ng L⁻¹. High concentration of phthalates detected in the upstream with excessive human-made activity (industrial).	Tamil Nadu, India	Selvaraj et al. (2014)
DEHP, DnBP, and DiBP	Fresh and surface water	DEHP – 18.2 μg L⁻¹; DnBP – 3.9 μg L⁻¹; and DiBP – 0.69 μg L⁻¹	Phthalate contamination observed in surface water could be due to the opening Bonnet Carré Spillway.	Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, US	Liu et al. (2013)
DEP, DBP and DEHP	Sea water (surface water)	DEHP – 0.0717 μg L⁻¹; DEP – 0.012 μg L⁻¹; and DBP – 0.017 μg L⁻¹	Total concentration of PAEs is 0.177 μg L⁻¹ and the most abundant PAEs are DEP, DBP, and DEHP showing maximum concentration in the tourist season.	Tunisian Coast, Northern Africa	Jebara et al. (2021)
DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, DEHP and DnOP	Urban runoff and sewage discharge (Seine and Ogre River)	DMP – 112 ng L⁻¹, DEP – 225 ng L⁻¹, DBP – 134 ng L⁻¹, BBP – 55 ng L⁻¹, DEHP – 665 ng L⁻¹	Due to urbanization. Phthalates detected in raw water in rivers, with an elevated concentration of DEHP, followed by DEP.	Paris, France	Teil et al. (2013)
16 PAEs	Sea water	Σ₁₆ PAEs concentration – 453–5,108 ng L⁻¹	DiBP, DBP, and DEHP are the predominant PAEs present in the water and sediment samples. The vertical distribution indicated high concentration of ΣPAEs in surface and bottom water.	Bohai andYellow Sea, China	Zhang et al. (2018a, 2018b)
14 PAEs	Surface water	Σ₁₄ PAEs concentration n.d. – 2.29 μg L⁻¹	DEHP was the predominant phthalate (mean 0.11 μg L⁻¹) and DMP (mean 0.04 μg L⁻¹)	Asan lake, Korea	Lee et al. (2019a, 2019b)
6 PAEs	Surface water	Concentration – 0.467 to 17.953 μg L⁻¹	Average Σ₆ PAEs value was 4.042 ± 3.929 μg L⁻¹. Predominant PAE was DBP – 65.8% concentration.	Lake Chaohu, China	He et al. (2013)
DMP, DEP, DnBP, DiBP, DEHP	Surface water	DMP – 36.54 ng L⁻¹, DEP – 42.64 ng L⁻¹, DnBP – 246.8 ng L⁻¹, DiBP – 524.7 ng L⁻¹, DEHP – 208.1 ng L⁻¹	MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, and MEHP which are the secondary metabolites were observed. Primary and secondary DEHP monoesters were observed in effluents and influents of two sewage treatment plants near lake.	Taihu Lake, China	Jiang et al. (2018)

Phthalate	Source	Concentration	Highlight	Country	References
DEP, DBP, BBP and DEHP	River sediments (Kaveri)	DEHP – 1,400 μg kg⁻¹, DEP – 85 μg kg⁻¹, BBP – 7.8 μg kg⁻¹; and DBP – 664 μg kg⁻¹	Total phthalates ranged from 313 to 4,640 ng L⁻¹. High concentration of phthalates detected in the upstream with excessive human-made activity (industrial).	Tamil Nadu, India	Selvaraj et al. (2014)
DEHP, DnBP, and DiBP	Fresh and surface water	DEHP – 18.2 μg L⁻¹; DnBP – 3.9 μg L⁻¹; and DiBP – 0.69 μg L⁻¹	Phthalate contamination observed in surface water could be due to the opening Bonnet Carré Spillway.	Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, US	Liu et al. (2013)
DEP, DBP and DEHP	Sea water (surface water)	DEHP – 0.0717 μg L⁻¹; DEP – 0.012 μg L⁻¹; and DBP – 0.017 μg L⁻¹	Total concentration of PAEs is 0.177 μg L⁻¹ and the most abundant PAEs are DEP, DBP, and DEHP showing maximum concentration in the tourist season.	Tunisian Coast, Northern Africa	Jebara et al. (2021)
DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, DEHP and DnOP	Urban runoff and sewage discharge (Seine and Ogre River)	DMP – 112 ng L⁻¹, DEP – 225 ng L⁻¹, DBP – 134 ng L⁻¹, BBP – 55 ng L⁻¹, DEHP – 665 ng L⁻¹	Due to urbanization. Phthalates detected in raw water in rivers, with an elevated concentration of DEHP, followed by DEP.	Paris, France	Teil et al. (2013)
16 PAEs	Sea water	Σ₁₆ PAEs concentration – 453–5,108 ng L⁻¹	DiBP, DBP, and DEHP are the predominant PAEs present in the water and sediment samples. The vertical distribution indicated high concentration of ΣPAEs in surface and bottom water.	Bohai andYellow Sea, China	Zhang et al. (2018a, 2018b)
14 PAEs	Surface water	Σ₁₄ PAEs concentration n.d. – 2.29 μg L⁻¹	DEHP was the predominant phthalate (mean 0.11 μg L⁻¹) and DMP (mean 0.04 μg L⁻¹)	Asan lake, Korea	Lee et al. (2019a, 2019b)
6 PAEs	Surface water	Concentration – 0.467 to 17.953 μg L⁻¹	Average Σ₆ PAEs value was 4.042 ± 3.929 μg L⁻¹. Predominant PAE was DBP – 65.8% concentration.	Lake Chaohu, China	He et al. (2013)
DMP, DEP, DnBP, DiBP, DEHP	Surface water	DMP – 36.54 ng L⁻¹, DEP – 42.64 ng L⁻¹, DnBP – 246.8 ng L⁻¹, DiBP – 524.7 ng L⁻¹, DEHP – 208.1 ng L⁻¹	MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, and MEHP which are the secondary metabolites were observed. Primary and secondary DEHP monoesters were observed in effluents and influents of two sewage treatment plants near lake.	Taihu Lake, China	Jiang et al. (2018)

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