Aerobic, strictly anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic microorganisms are found to degrade phthalate esters from the environment. Some unfamiliar enzymes or transesterification have been reported in most of the studies of longer alkyl residues getting converted to shorter ones (Boll et al. 2019). DMP is more biodegradable than others since this substrate has a maximum specific growth rate and has the highest values of overall reaction rate (Ahmadi et al. 2017). Glutamicibacter nicotianae ZM05 is a DBP-degrading exogenous bacteria and Cupriavidus metallidurans ZM16 is a non-DBP-degrading bacterium that is effective together for co-contamination degradation. These insights assist to explicate the mutual effects of fungal and bacterial communities for co-contamination degradation of DBP-Cd and bring forth new perceptions for the fabrication of degrading consortia for the breakdown of the pollutants. It is a considerable concern for the impact that the bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of PAEs have on the environment (Gao et al. 2018). Through co-culture experiment, it was proven that Pseudomonas aeruginosa ZM03 can elevate the degradation rate of Arthrobacter nicotianae ZM05 for DBP removal under stressed pH conditions (Wang et al. 2021a, 2021b). Table 3 lists the microorganism used for the biodegradation of phthalate esters and its concentration with the removal percentage and the time duration.
List of phthalate-degrading microorganisms and the percentage removal
| Phthalate . | Organisms (bacteria, fungus, algae and enzyme) . | Concentration (mg L−1) . | Removal percentage . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEP | Ralstonia pickettii | 300 | 100 (24 h) | Perpetuo et al. (2020) |
| DBP | Deinococcus sp. R5 | 1,000 | 100 (140 h) | Yang et al. (2014) |
| DBP | Bacillus subtilis | 200 | 89 (120 h) | Huang et al. (2018) |
| DBP | Rhodovulum sp. DBP07 | 600 | 70 (96 h) | Baker et al. (2021) |
| DBP | Pseudomonas sp. W1-immobilization of Fe3O4 nanoparticle | 1,000 | 99.88 (168 h) | Wang et al. (2020) |
| DEHP | Pleurotus ostreatus | 100 | 100 (504 h) | Ahuactzin-Pérez et al. (2018) |
| DEHP | Achromobacter denitrificans strain SP1 | 10 mM | 100 (96 h) | Pradeep et al. (2015) |
| DEHP | Enterobacter spp. Strain YC-IL1 | 100 | 86 (144 h) | Lamraoui et al. (2020) |
| DEHP | Burkholderia pyrrocinia B1213 | 500 | 98.05 (144 h) | Li et al. (2019) |
| DEHP | Achromobacter sp. RX | 50–300 | 99.3 (96 h) | Wang et al. (2021a, 2021b) |
| DEHP | Fusarium culmorum | 1,000 | 92 (36 h) | González-Márquez et al. (2019) |
| DEHP | Rhodococcus ruber | 100–1,000 | 100 (72 h) 95 (144 h) | Yang et al. (2018) |
| DEHP | Rhodococcus jostii PEVJ9 – Self assembled monolayers of silver nanoparticle | 0.1 | 99.6 (72 h) | Annamalai and Vasudevan (2020) |
| DBP, DEHP | C. oxalaticus E3 | 200 | 100 | Chen et al. (2021) |
| DMP, DEP, DPP, DBP | Bacillus thuringiensis | 400 | 96, 88, 82, and 92, respectively (80 h) | Surhio et al. (2017) |
| Phthalate . | Organisms (bacteria, fungus, algae and enzyme) . | Concentration (mg L−1) . | Removal percentage . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEP | Ralstonia pickettii | 300 | 100 (24 h) | Perpetuo et al. (2020) |
| DBP | Deinococcus sp. R5 | 1,000 | 100 (140 h) | Yang et al. (2014) |
| DBP | Bacillus subtilis | 200 | 89 (120 h) | Huang et al. (2018) |
| DBP | Rhodovulum sp. DBP07 | 600 | 70 (96 h) | Baker et al. (2021) |
| DBP | Pseudomonas sp. W1-immobilization of Fe3O4 nanoparticle | 1,000 | 99.88 (168 h) | Wang et al. (2020) |
| DEHP | Pleurotus ostreatus | 100 | 100 (504 h) | Ahuactzin-Pérez et al. (2018) |
| DEHP | Achromobacter denitrificans strain SP1 | 10 mM | 100 (96 h) | Pradeep et al. (2015) |
| DEHP | Enterobacter spp. Strain YC-IL1 | 100 | 86 (144 h) | Lamraoui et al. (2020) |
| DEHP | Burkholderia pyrrocinia B1213 | 500 | 98.05 (144 h) | Li et al. (2019) |
| DEHP | Achromobacter sp. RX | 50–300 | 99.3 (96 h) | Wang et al. (2021a, 2021b) |
| DEHP | Fusarium culmorum | 1,000 | 92 (36 h) | González-Márquez et al. (2019) |
| DEHP | Rhodococcus ruber | 100–1,000 | 100 (72 h) 95 (144 h) | Yang et al. (2018) |
| DEHP | Rhodococcus jostii PEVJ9 – Self assembled monolayers of silver nanoparticle | 0.1 | 99.6 (72 h) | Annamalai and Vasudevan (2020) |
| DBP, DEHP | C. oxalaticus E3 | 200 | 100 | Chen et al. (2021) |
| DMP, DEP, DPP, DBP | Bacillus thuringiensis | 400 | 96, 88, 82, and 92, respectively (80 h) | Surhio et al. (2017) |