Spike tests were conducted in triplicate for each virus to test the removal ability of a ceramic MF membrane device (Metawater Co., Ltd, Japan) fitted with a pre-coagulation injection line at the Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center at The University of Arizona during December 2017, October 2018, and February 2019. The experimental process is shown in Figure 2. Reclaimed wastewater (also termed as tertiary effluent) sourced from the Agua Nueva Water Reclamation Facility co-located with the WEST Center (Tucson, AZ) served as the raw feedwater matrix used in the bench-scale coagulation–ceramic MF experiments. The reclaimed water is sand-filtered secondary effluent treated by chloramination delivered via a dedicated piping system from the Agua Nueva facility to the WEST Center. On the day prior to testing, 150 L bulk volumes of reclaimed water were pumped into a 100- or 200-gallon capacity tank and then held at room temperature overnight to facilitate dichlorination by evaporation. Free chlorine levels were verified prior to virus spiking using a Hach Pocket Colorimeter II (Hach Company, Loveland, CO, USA), and measurements ≤0.04 mg/L were considered as suitable testing to proceed. Table 1 shows the water quality parameters measured for the raw feedwater.