In the discharge points (Tongi khal, Shitalakkhya, and Dhaleshwari), Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Mg of the surface water were found to be copious. Hence, their health risk due to the continuing consumption should be measured. Both oral and dermal intake of water was taken into consideration for adults’ and children's health risk assessment. Table 4 shows the reference dose oral and reference dose dermal set by USEPA 2011. However, the health risks of manganese and magnesium for dermal intake were not determined. The summarized results of the analysis carried out in this study are presented in Table 5.
Reference dose oral (RfDo) and reference dose dermal (RfDd) for the estimation of health risk
| Metals . | RfDo . | RfDd . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | 0.004 | 60 | USEPA (2011) |
| Cd | 0.001 | 0.025 | |
| Ni | 0.02 | 0.42 | |
| Cr | 0.003 | 0.0075 | |
| Zn | 0.3 | 200 | |
| Cu | 0.04 | 8 | |
| Fe | 0.3 | 140 | |
| Mn | 0.14 | – | |
| Mg | 0.14 | – |
| Metals . | RfDo . | RfDd . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | 0.004 | 60 | USEPA (2011) |
| Cd | 0.001 | 0.025 | |
| Ni | 0.02 | 0.42 | |
| Cr | 0.003 | 0.0075 | |
| Zn | 0.3 | 200 | |
| Cu | 0.04 | 8 | |
| Fe | 0.3 | 140 | |
| Mn | 0.14 | – | |
| Mg | 0.14 | – |
Mean hazard quotient of the water samples for oral intake
| Location . | Category . | Cr . | Zn . | Fe . | Pb . | Cu . | Ni . | Cd . | Mn . | Mg . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tongi Canal | Adults | 1.32 | 0.23 | 1.43 | 1.75 | 0.20 | 0.06 | 1.12 | 0.05 | 9.33 |
| Children | 1.25 | 0.22 | 1.35 | 1.65 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 1.06 | 0.05 | 8.81 | |
| Shitalakkhya | Adults | 1.24 | 0.05 | 2.33 | 1.77 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 1.12 | 0.05 | 16.77 |
| Children | 1.17 | 0.05 | 2.20 | 1.67 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 1.06 | 0.05 | 15.83 | |
| Dhaleshwari | Adults | 247.43 | 0.03 | 2.03 | 3.79 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 1.04 | 0.05 | 24.93 |
| Children | 233.64 | 0.02 | 1.92 | 3.58 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.98 | 0.05 | 23.54 |
| Location . | Category . | Cr . | Zn . | Fe . | Pb . | Cu . | Ni . | Cd . | Mn . | Mg . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tongi Canal | Adults | 1.32 | 0.23 | 1.43 | 1.75 | 0.20 | 0.06 | 1.12 | 0.05 | 9.33 |
| Children | 1.25 | 0.22 | 1.35 | 1.65 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 1.06 | 0.05 | 8.81 | |
| Shitalakkhya | Adults | 1.24 | 0.05 | 2.33 | 1.77 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 1.12 | 0.05 | 16.77 |
| Children | 1.17 | 0.05 | 2.20 | 1.67 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 1.06 | 0.05 | 15.83 | |
| Dhaleshwari | Adults | 247.43 | 0.03 | 2.03 | 3.79 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 1.04 | 0.05 | 24.93 |
| Children | 233.64 | 0.02 | 1.92 | 3.58 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.98 | 0.05 | 23.54 |