For dermal intake in all three locations, all the mean HQ values were less than 1 for both adults and children (Table 6) except for chromium at Dhaleshwari. The level of chromium present in the water of Dhaleshwari poses a significant threat to adults and children for dermal intake (HQ > 1).

Table 6

Mean hazard quotient of the water samples for dermal intake

LocationCategoryCrZnFePbCuNiCd
Tongi Canal Adults 0.53 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.001 0.003 0.04 
Children 0.50 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.001 0.003 0.04 
Shitalakkhya Adults 0.50 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 <0.001 0.005 0.04 
Children 0.47 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 <0.001 0.005 0.04 
Dhaleshwari Adults 98.97 <0.001 0.004 <0.001 <0.001 0.004 0.04 
Children 93.46 <0.001 0.004 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 0.04 
LocationCategoryCrZnFePbCuNiCd
Tongi Canal Adults 0.53 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.001 0.003 0.04 
Children 0.50 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.001 0.003 0.04 
Shitalakkhya Adults 0.50 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 <0.001 0.005 0.04 
Children 0.47 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 <0.001 0.005 0.04 
Dhaleshwari Adults 98.97 <0.001 0.004 <0.001 <0.001 0.004 0.04 
Children 93.46 <0.001 0.004 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 0.04 
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Table 7

Comparison of present study findings with previous studies

LocationCrZnFePbCuNiCdMnMgReference
Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/ range (in mg/L)
Tongi 0.056 0.992 6.07 0.099 0.114 0.016 0.016 0.099 18.5 This study 
Shitalakkhya 0.053 0.227 9.885 0.1 0.018 0.029 0.016 0.108 33.25 This study 
Dhaleshwari 10.514 0.111 8.626 0.215 0.015 0.024 0.015 0.104 49.44 This study 
Diyala-Sirwan river, Iraq – 0.005–0.022 0.02–0.134 – 0.006–0.032 0.004–0.005 – 0.005–0.066 22.7–30.61 Issa & Alshatteri (2021)  
Iwofe Jetty, New Calabar River, Southern Nigeria 1.78 1.69 1.44 1.34 1.23 2.57 0.25 – – Edori & Kpee (2018)  
Tikur Wuha River, Southern Ethiopia – – – 0.12 – 0.132 0.02 – – Mekuyie (2014)  
Challawa river, Kano, Nigeria 2.297 2.986 9.408 1.051 1.290 – – 2.054 – Dan'Azumi & Bichi (2010)  
LocationCrZnFePbCuNiCdMnMgReference
Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/range (in mg/L)Mean/ range (in mg/L)
Tongi 0.056 0.992 6.07 0.099 0.114 0.016 0.016 0.099 18.5 This study 
Shitalakkhya 0.053 0.227 9.885 0.1 0.018 0.029 0.016 0.108 33.25 This study 
Dhaleshwari 10.514 0.111 8.626 0.215 0.015 0.024 0.015 0.104 49.44 This study 
Diyala-Sirwan river, Iraq – 0.005–0.022 0.02–0.134 – 0.006–0.032 0.004–0.005 – 0.005–0.066 22.7–30.61 Issa & Alshatteri (2021)  
Iwofe Jetty, New Calabar River, Southern Nigeria 1.78 1.69 1.44 1.34 1.23 2.57 0.25 – – Edori & Kpee (2018)  
Tikur Wuha River, Southern Ethiopia – – – 0.12 – 0.132 0.02 – – Mekuyie (2014)  
Challawa river, Kano, Nigeria 2.297 2.986 9.408 1.051 1.290 – – 2.054 – Dan'Azumi & Bichi (2010)  
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