The PVDF membrane's structure also plays a role when UDDs are embedded into its porous matrix (Table 3). UDD Wt.% on UDD Funct. PVDF membranes are 27% less compared to UDD PVDF. UDD deagglomeration of clusters and the asymmetric structure of PVDF compared to the symmetric PES can be a possible reason for the UDDs to pass through the porous matrix and not be embedded above the surface.