For PVDF membranes, a different result was seen compared to PES. Figure 5 shows the strain vs. stress curve for PVDF (control) and UDD-embedded PVDF membranes and Table 5 shows the membranes’ Young Modulus. UDD-embedded membranes showed a decrease in yield point and Young Modulus values compared to commercial PVDF. The decrease in these properties, i.e. the membranes' ability to withstand stress without deforming in the elastic region, may be due to the UDDs dispersion throughout the asymmetrical porous surface (Yuan et al. 2020). These changes in the membranes’ plastic and elastic regions are consistent with the findings reported in the literature on how the incorporation of NDs changes the membrane's mechanical properties (Zhai et al. 2011; Bedar et al. 2020a, 2020b).