Total coliforms recorded were 76% of the water sources and 84% of the water stored in containers; E. coli counts were in 37% of the water sources and in 39% of the stored water. There was an increase in water contamination from the source to water kept in containers. An independent sample Kruskal–Wallis test showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) in drinking water sources. E. coli concentration was recorded as high in spring water compared to other sources, as indicated in Table 4.
Microbiological water quality of water sources and container water (%)
| CFU/100 mL . | Types of water sources . | No. . | Water at source . | Container water . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 1 (%) . | 1–10 (%) . | 11–100 (%) . | > 100 (%) . | < 1 (%) . | 1–10 (%) . | 11–100 (%) . | > 100 (%) . | |||
| Total coliforms* | Communal tap | 50 | 25 (50) | 11 (22) | 2 (4) | 12 (24) | 10 (20) | 6 (12) | 7 (14) | 27 (54) |
| Private drilled well | 26 | 0 | 4 (15) | 3 (12) | 19 (88) | 0 | 4 (15) | 5 (19) | 17 (66) | |
| Spring | 33 | 2 (6) | 0 | 0 | 31 (94) | 9 (27) | 1 (3) | 4 (12) | 19 (58) | |
| Tank | 11 | 2 (18) | 0 | 4 (36) | 5 (45) | 0 | 0 | 2 (18) | 9 (81) | |
| Total | 120 | 29 (24) | 15 (13) | 9 (8) | 67 (56) | 19 (16) | 11 (9) | 18 (15) | 72 (60) | |
| E. coli* | Communal tap | 50 | 41 (82) | 6 (12) | 2 (4) | 1 (2) | 33 (66) | 9 (18) | 3 (6) | 5 (10) |
| Private drilled well | 26 | 21 (81) | 2 (8) | 1 (4) | 2 (7) | 15 (58) | 6 (23) | 4 (15) | 1 (4) | |
| Spring | 33 | 4 (12) | 17 (52) | 11 (33) | 1 (3) | 17 (52) | 6 (18) | 8 (24) | 2 (6) | |
| Tank | 11 | 9 (82) | 1 (9) | 0 | 1 (9) | 8 (73) | 1 (9) | 1 (9) | 1 (9) | |
| Total | 120 | 75 (63) | 26 (22) | 14 (12) | 5 (5) | 73 (61) | 22 (18) | 16 (13) | 9 (8) | |
| CFU/100 mL . | Types of water sources . | No. . | Water at source . | Container water . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 1 (%) . | 1–10 (%) . | 11–100 (%) . | > 100 (%) . | < 1 (%) . | 1–10 (%) . | 11–100 (%) . | > 100 (%) . | |||
| Total coliforms* | Communal tap | 50 | 25 (50) | 11 (22) | 2 (4) | 12 (24) | 10 (20) | 6 (12) | 7 (14) | 27 (54) |
| Private drilled well | 26 | 0 | 4 (15) | 3 (12) | 19 (88) | 0 | 4 (15) | 5 (19) | 17 (66) | |
| Spring | 33 | 2 (6) | 0 | 0 | 31 (94) | 9 (27) | 1 (3) | 4 (12) | 19 (58) | |
| Tank | 11 | 2 (18) | 0 | 4 (36) | 5 (45) | 0 | 0 | 2 (18) | 9 (81) | |
| Total | 120 | 29 (24) | 15 (13) | 9 (8) | 67 (56) | 19 (16) | 11 (9) | 18 (15) | 72 (60) | |
| E. coli* | Communal tap | 50 | 41 (82) | 6 (12) | 2 (4) | 1 (2) | 33 (66) | 9 (18) | 3 (6) | 5 (10) |
| Private drilled well | 26 | 21 (81) | 2 (8) | 1 (4) | 2 (7) | 15 (58) | 6 (23) | 4 (15) | 1 (4) | |
| Spring | 33 | 4 (12) | 17 (52) | 11 (33) | 1 (3) | 17 (52) | 6 (18) | 8 (24) | 2 (6) | |
| Tank | 11 | 9 (82) | 1 (9) | 0 | 1 (9) | 8 (73) | 1 (9) | 1 (9) | 1 (9) | |
| Total | 120 | 75 (63) | 26 (22) | 14 (12) | 5 (5) | 73 (61) | 22 (18) | 16 (13) | 9 (8) | |
*Kruskal–Wallis test = p < 0.001 (significant difference between water sources).