Major DPR projects
| DPR project . | WRP inlet . | WRP Q (m3/d) . | Water reclamation process . | Blending – reclaimed water/‘natural water’ (%) . | Additional treatment . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Windhoek, Namibia, NGWRP (2002) | Secondary domestic effluenta | 21,000 | Pre-O3, coagulation, DAF, DMF, main-O3, BAC, GAC, UF, Cl2, NaOH | 25/75b (treated dam water [70] + groundwater [5]); Pipe-to-pipe blending in the distribution network | None |
| Beaufort West, South Africa (2011) | Secondary municipal effluent | 2,000 | Cl2, sedimentation, Cl2, SF, UF, RO, AOP (H2O2 + UV), Cl2 | 20/80 (treated dam water + ground water); max. 30% of reclaimed water; blending in a storage tank | None |
| Big Spring, TX, USA (2013) | Disinfected tertiary municipal effluent | 7,600 | De-chlorination, MF, RO, AOP (H2O2 + UV) | 15/85 (untreated lake and dam water); blending in raw water pipeline | Conventional WTP |
| Wichita Fallsc, TX, USA (2014–2015) | Secondary municipal effluent | 19,000 | Cl2, NH3, coagulation, sedimentation, MF, RO, UV; lagoon | 50/50 (untreated lake water); blending in a splitter box | Conventional WTP |
| Cloudcroft, NM, USA | Secondary effluent from MBR | 379 | RO, AOP (H2O2 + UV), Cl2 | 49/51 (spring/well water); blending in an engineered storage buffer | Advanced WTP (UF, UV, GAC, NaOCl) |
| Brownwoodd TX, USA | Tertiary municipal effluent | 5,700 | Cl2, UF, UV, NH3, de-chlorination, RO, GAC, UV, NH3, Cl2 | Blending in the distribution system with treated lake water | None |
| El Pasoe, TX, USA (2020) | Tertiary municipal effluent | 27,300 | MF, NF or RO, AOP | Primary goal: blending in the distribution system | None |
| DPR project . | WRP inlet . | WRP Q (m3/d) . | Water reclamation process . | Blending – reclaimed water/‘natural water’ (%) . | Additional treatment . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Windhoek, Namibia, NGWRP (2002) | Secondary domestic effluenta | 21,000 | Pre-O3, coagulation, DAF, DMF, main-O3, BAC, GAC, UF, Cl2, NaOH | 25/75b (treated dam water [70] + groundwater [5]); Pipe-to-pipe blending in the distribution network | None |
| Beaufort West, South Africa (2011) | Secondary municipal effluent | 2,000 | Cl2, sedimentation, Cl2, SF, UF, RO, AOP (H2O2 + UV), Cl2 | 20/80 (treated dam water + ground water); max. 30% of reclaimed water; blending in a storage tank | None |
| Big Spring, TX, USA (2013) | Disinfected tertiary municipal effluent | 7,600 | De-chlorination, MF, RO, AOP (H2O2 + UV) | 15/85 (untreated lake and dam water); blending in raw water pipeline | Conventional WTP |
| Wichita Fallsc, TX, USA (2014–2015) | Secondary municipal effluent | 19,000 | Cl2, NH3, coagulation, sedimentation, MF, RO, UV; lagoon | 50/50 (untreated lake water); blending in a splitter box | Conventional WTP |
| Cloudcroft, NM, USA | Secondary effluent from MBR | 379 | RO, AOP (H2O2 + UV), Cl2 | 49/51 (spring/well water); blending in an engineered storage buffer | Advanced WTP (UF, UV, GAC, NaOCl) |
| Brownwoodd TX, USA | Tertiary municipal effluent | 5,700 | Cl2, UF, UV, NH3, de-chlorination, RO, GAC, UV, NH3, Cl2 | Blending in the distribution system with treated lake water | None |
| El Pasoe, TX, USA (2020) | Tertiary municipal effluent | 27,300 | MF, NF or RO, AOP | Primary goal: blending in the distribution system | None |
AOP, advanced oxidation process; BAC, biological activated carbon filter; DAF, dissolved air flotation; DMF, dual media filtration; DPR, direct potable reuse; GAC, granular activated carbon filter; IPR, indirect potable reuse; MF, micro-filtration; NF, nano-filtration; RO, reverse osmosis; SF, sand filtration; UF, ultra-filtration; WRP, water reclamation plant; WTP, water treatment plant.
aPolished in maturation ponds.
bAverage ratio, maximum permitted portion of reclaimed water is 35%; however, in the current emergency situation the reclaimed water portion could rise to 40%.
cDPR decommissioned in July 2015, conversion to IPR.
dProject put on indefinite hold.
ePilot testing.