IWA Publishing

Table 2

Types of reuse appropriate for increasing levels of treatment (EPA 2012)

Treatment level	Increasing levels of treatment
Treatment level	Primary	Secondary	Filtration and disinfection	Advanced
Process	Sedimentation	Biological oxidation and disinfection	Chemical coagulation, biological or chemical nutrient removal, filtration, and disinfection	Activated carbon, reverse osmosis, advanced oxidation process, soil aquifer treatment, etc.
End use	No uses recommended	Surface irrigation of orchard and vineyard	Landscape and golf course irrigation	IPR including groundwater reservoir augmentation and potable
		Non-food crop irrigation	Toilet flushing
		Restricted landscape impoundments	Vehicle washing
		Groundwater recharge of non-potable aquifer	Food crop irrigation
		Wetlands, wildlife habitat, stream augmentation	Unrestricted recreational impoundment
		Industrial cooling process	Industrial system
Human exposure	Increasing acceptable levels of human exposure
Cost	Increasing levels of cost

Treatment level	Increasing levels of treatment
Treatment level	Primary	Secondary	Filtration and disinfection	Advanced
Process	Sedimentation	Biological oxidation and disinfection	Chemical coagulation, biological or chemical nutrient removal, filtration, and disinfection	Activated carbon, reverse osmosis, advanced oxidation process, soil aquifer treatment, etc.
End use	No uses recommended	Surface irrigation of orchard and vineyard	Landscape and golf course irrigation	IPR including groundwater reservoir augmentation and potable
		Non-food crop irrigation	Toilet flushing
		Restricted landscape impoundments	Vehicle washing
		Groundwater recharge of non-potable aquifer	Food crop irrigation
		Wetlands, wildlife habitat, stream augmentation	Unrestricted recreational impoundment
		Industrial cooling process	Industrial system
Human exposure	Increasing acceptable levels of human exposure
Cost	Increasing levels of cost