Numerous manual precipitation gauges are in use worldwide for measuring winter precipitation. Table 1 provides an inventory of manual precipitation gauges currently in use by NRB nations, with a summary of gauge characteristics and windshield type. The types of precipitation gauge and windshield configuration differ significantly among the NRB countries. Generally, the transition from manual to automatic gauges occurred in the last decades of the 20th century with evolving technology.
Manual solid precipitation gauges used by NRB counties (Sevruk & Klem 1989)
Country of use . | Country of origin . | Gauge name . | Orifice area (cm2) . | Length (cm) . | Material . | Windshield . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | Canada | Nipher | 127 | 56 | Copper | Nipher |
Finland | Finland | H&H-90 | 200 | 40 | Aluminum (Teflon coated) | Tretyakov |
Greenland | Denmark | Hellman | 200 | 43 | Galvanized iron | Nipher |
Iceland | Denmark | Hellman | 200 | 43 | Galvanized iron | Nipher |
Norway | Norway | Norwegian | 225 | 25 | Copper | Nipher |
Russia | Russia | Tretyakov | 200 | 40 | Galvanized iron | Tretyakov |
Sweden | Sweden | SMHI | 200 | 35 | Aluminum | Nipher, modified Nipher, Wyoming |
USA | USA | NWS 8-in. | 324 | 68 | Copper/Steel | Alter, Wyoming |
Country of use . | Country of origin . | Gauge name . | Orifice area (cm2) . | Length (cm) . | Material . | Windshield . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | Canada | Nipher | 127 | 56 | Copper | Nipher |
Finland | Finland | H&H-90 | 200 | 40 | Aluminum (Teflon coated) | Tretyakov |
Greenland | Denmark | Hellman | 200 | 43 | Galvanized iron | Nipher |
Iceland | Denmark | Hellman | 200 | 43 | Galvanized iron | Nipher |
Norway | Norway | Norwegian | 225 | 25 | Copper | Nipher |
Russia | Russia | Tretyakov | 200 | 40 | Galvanized iron | Tretyakov |
Sweden | Sweden | SMHI | 200 | 35 | Aluminum | Nipher, modified Nipher, Wyoming |
USA | USA | NWS 8-in. | 324 | 68 | Copper/Steel | Alter, Wyoming |