Use of the Delphi method to assess the potential role of enhanced information systems in Mediterranean groundwater management and governance

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This research explores the interface between data, information, and knowledge on groundwater systems. We aim to identify the main emergent foresight knowledge related to the application to groundwater management of what we have defined as enhanced information systems (EISs). The results presented are based on results from a Delphi study undertaken at a global scale with 60 experts. The ultimate objective is contributing to participatory and sustainable groundwater management in Mediterranean regions. The results indicate that EISs are a necessary part of improving groundwater management, but they are not sufficient alone. This prospective study indicates that EISs must be framed by a strong command-and-control system. They must have clear rules, stimulate stakeholder empowerment, and facilitate inclusive governance based on the citizen–science-inclusive governance interface. The experts believe this path is seriously challenged by the fierce competition and rivalry for water resources. However, the interface between citizens/users and EISs can help tip the balance so that, if there is more trust in science (and it is used through EISs) and more transparency in data management, stakeholder empowerment can materialise.

• EISs are a necessary part, but not sufficient, for improved groundwater management.

• EIS cannot progress without an appropriate social and institutional context.

• EIS can empower stakeholders for groundwater management.

• EIS can help in collective action, although monitoring or rule enforcement will likely remain very challenging.

• EIS needs to be framed by a strong command-and-control system.