Experiences with hybrid constructed wetland and pond system for polytypic wastewater treatment

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are some of the most popular extensive treatment technologies, which have been applied in many regions throughout the world. Subsurface horizontal flow wetlands (HFs) and vertical flow wetlands (VFs) are often used in wastewater treatment alone with low efficiency, but hybrid constructed wetlands (HCWs) can improve efficiency. This paper introduces the technological structure of an HCW in the case of tertiary treatment of industrial wastewater in Changshu Advanced Materials Industrial Park (CAMIP) and decentralized wastewater treatment projects on Lotus Island in eastern China.