Optimization of Denser Nonaqueous Phase Liquids-contaminated groundwater remediation based on Kriging surrogate model

Spillage of large amounts of Denser Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) had resulted in serious pollution of groundwater resources throughout the world; a large number of studies had demonstrated surfactant-enhanced remediation is a more effective approach to remediate DNAPLs contaminations. In this paper, the remediation optimization process was carried out in three steps. Firstly, a water-oil-surfactant simulation model had been firstly established to simulate a surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation process. The Kriging surrogate model had been developed to get a similar input–output relationship with simulation model. In the final, a nonlinear optimization model was formulated for the minimum cost, and Kriging surrogate model had been embedded into the optimization model as a constrained condition. What is more, simulated annealing method was used to solve the optimization model and give the optimal Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation strategy. The results showed Kriging surrogate model had reduced computational burden and make the optimization model easy to solve, and the optimal strategies gave an effective guide to contaminants remediation process.