Effect of L-shaped slots on scour around a bridge abutment

Local scour is the most signi ﬁ cant cause of bridge failure. Providing a short abutment with a straight slot has proved to be an effective method for reducing scour at this abutment. In this study, laboratory experiments have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of using L-shaped slots in comparison to the commonly used straight slot, on the scour reduction at short vertical-wall abutment under clear-water ﬂ ow conditions and uniform bed materials. The slots were just above the bed and their diameters equal to half the abutment ’ s length. The results illustrated that it is essential to have a straight slot in any combination of slots, as any con ﬁ guration without one is inef ﬁ cient. Also, a combination of a straight slot with one side slot in the middle of the abutment ’ s width gives better performance than an individual straight slot, as it reduces the depth, area, and volume of the scour hole by about 32.6, 26.8, and 43.6% respectively, in comparison to 23.2, 20.7, and 35.3% for the straight slot alone. of work to the behaviour of L-shaped abutment ’ s slots in comparison to the g:


INTRODUCTION
Constructing a bridge across a river alters the river's flow pattern, and vortexes occur around the piers and abutments. These cause scour, and this may lead to bridge failure. Two techniques can be used to reduce scour, bed armoring, and flow alteration. Flow-alteration countermeasures shift the scour from the vicinity of the piers and abutments, and/or reduce the scour-inducing mechanisms.
Slots are common flow-altering countermeasures that reduce scour dimensions by minimizing the downward flow power on the upstream pier face, as part of the approaching flow passes through the openings in the pier (Tafarojnoruza et al. 2010). The approaching flow that enters the slot, deflects the downward flow away from the bed and thus decreases the power of the horseshoe vortex, as shown in Figure 1 (Khodabakhshi & Farhadi 2016).
Previous researches on the effectiveness of slots in the scour control around piers demonstrated that slot efficiency increases with increasing slot dimension, and slots near the bed are more efficient than those located near the water surface. Slot performance is enhanced further, if it extends partly below the surface of the bed (Chiew 1992;Kumar et al. 1999;Moncada-M et al. 2009). Grimaldi et al. (2009) examined a composite countermeasure consisting of a pier slot and a bed sill just downstream the pier, and showed that the scour in front of the pier was reduced by about 45%. Chiew (1992), Kumar et al. (1999) and Moncada-M et al. (2009) examined the behaviour of a collar round the pier combined with slots. The combination proved to be effective in scour reduction around circular piers.
Elnikhely (2017) showed that about 89% reduction in scour depth could be achieved using a combination of a perforated sacrificial pile upstream of the pier with a hole angle of 45°and a pier with a hole angle of 45°.
Some experiments have been conducted to investigate three rectangular slot shapes -Y, T and Sigmain circular piers, in comparison to the common straight slots (Setia & Bhatia 2013;Hajikandi & Golnabi 2018). The results suggested that straight slots were most effective in reducing downward flow upstream of the pier. Equally, neither T-nor Sigma -shaped slots offered much improvement in scour depth. On the contrary, Abd El-Razek et al. (2003) examined the effects of four shapes of circular slots in circular bridge piersstraight, Y-, T-, and Sigma shapedon the scour round the pier, and indicated that the T-shaped slot gave the best performance. Radice & Lauva (2012) investigated the effect of the position of a straight slot on scour at verticalwall abutments and deduced that a slot below the bed had the best scour reduction effects. Osroush et al. (2019) investigated the effect of the vertical position and height of a straight abutment slot on scour reduction and showed that the closer the slot is to the bed, the more scour reduction is achieved. Also, a slot extending from the water surface to just below the bed surface gives the best performance.
Few researchers have studied slotted abutments. They have focused on the behaviour of straight slots and, as far as is known, there is no study on the behaviour of other slots shapes. The aim of this study was to investigate the behaviour of L-shaped abutment slots in comparison to the commonly used straight slots. Figure 2 shows sketches of the slot configurations used.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experiments were implemented under clear water condition, so the biggest scour depth would take place. Under clear-water condition, scour depth increases with increasing the flow velocity, and the maximum scour depth occurs at the threshold of sediment movement 'i.e., at the boundary between clear-water and live-bed conditions', so for this reason most experiments should be implemented at the threshold condition. Thus, for the present study V/Vc values were 0.97, 0.91, 0.85, and 0.72. The critical velocity Vc was obtained by using Equation (3) (Chiew 1995) where, V*c : critical shear velocity (obtained from Shield's diagram), and y and d 50 are as above.
In this study, the discharge was constant at 65 l/s, and four water depths 23, 24.5, 26, and 30 cm were used giving V/Vc ¼ 0.97, 0.91, 0.85 and 0.72, respectively, with Fn values 0.24, 0.22, 0.19, and 0.16. Table 1 shows details of the experimental conditions.
In all experiments, the water depth (y) satisfied the short-abutment criterion 'l/y 1', and, to minimize the effect of flow depth on scour, y/l was maintained above 2, 'y/l . 2' (Melville 1992).
Particle size distribution has a significant effect on local scour depth. To prevent ripple formation, the mean sediment size, d 50 , must be !0.7 mm (Raudkivi 1998), and to eliminate the effects of Water Practice & Technology Vol 00 No 0 sediment particle size on scour depth, l/d 50 should exceed 50 (Melville 1992). In this study it was found that l ¼ 10 cm and d 50 ¼ 0.9 mm satisfied the required conditions. Sediment uniformity can be described by the geometric standard deviation, σ g , as 'σ g ¼ (d 84 /d 16 ) 0.5 '. Non-uniform sediment mixtures (σ g . 1.5-2.0) lead to less scour depth than uniform sediment and sediments with σ g ,1.3 are effectively uniform (Melville 1992). In this study σ g ¼ 1.28.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Experiments were executed in a recirculating rectangular channel 0.8 m wide, 0.9 m deep, and 23.2 m long. There was a sediment recess 0.8 m wide, 0.16 m deep, and 4.0 m long, that contained uniformly graded soil, 12 m downstream of the channel inlet, and the 10 cm long by 40 cm wide steel abutment was located at its midpoint. Discharge was measured using a calibrated V-notch weir at the end of the channelsee Figure 3.
At the beginning of each experiment, the appropriate abutment model was installed at the channel side, and the 16 cm deep sandy soil (sediment) was leveled. The channel was then filled slowly with water to saturate the bed material, after which the pump was turned on and the discharge increased gradually up to the desired rate. The water depth was adjusted using the end tailgate. After each run, the pump was turned off and the channel allowed to drain slowly without disturbing the sediment bed's topography. Finally, the scour topography was measured with a point gaugea + 1 accuracy on a grid with a 5 Â 5 cm mesh. A test was conducted using the solid abutment to determine the equilibrium scour time, which was taken as the time at which scour depth was 95% of the maximum (Hosseini et al. 2016). The graph of the time-scour relation (Figure 4) was used, and 4 hours was chosen as the experiment duration.
Two test series, A and B, were used in the study, the main difference being the number of slots used. Test 'S0', involving just the solid abutment, was considered the reference for all cases.
For series A, five modelsone solid and four slottedwere tested for the four Froude numbers. Each slotted model has a single slot with a 5 cm diameter. For all slotted abutments, the upstream opening of the slot was located at the middle of the abutment length l, aligned with the flow direction. Four outlet positions were considered, one on the opposite face from the inlet, creating a straight slot (S4see Figure 2), the others with openings on the abutment side, creating L-shaped slots (Figure 2 -S1, S2 and S3). The L-shaped slot outlets were 0.25 b (S1), 0.5 b (S2), and 0.75 b (S3) from the abutment nose (b ¼ abutment width). All slots were just above bed level. Combinations of more than one outlet opening were tested with series B, for Fn ¼ 0.16 and 0.22see Figures 5 and 6 and Table 2. Each model from those have the best performance (B22, B32, B41) tested twice for each Fn to be sure of the results, so the total number of runs is 36. Figure 7 shows the relationship between the Froude number and dimensionless scour depth for the solid model and series A's abutment models. Clearly, scour depth increases with the Froude number, and model S4, which has a straight slot, gave the best performance for reducing scour depth at the nose.

RESULTS
For series A, the longitudinal scour hole profiles around the abutments were plotted for the different slot models and that with no slotsee Figure 8. It is obvious from Figure 8 that the maximum scour   Notethose models that gave the best performancei.e., B22, B32 and B41were each tested twice to try to ensure that the ds values (column 4 of the table) were correct.    Uncorrected Proof depth is always found at the upstream abutment corner. The bed topography around the solid and slotted abutments is similar, but, as part of the down-flow is the conveyed through the slot openings, the horseshoe vortex force and, consequently, the scour depth are reduced. It could also be concluded that S1 is not a suitable configuration as it may increase the scour depth. This may be because a slot near the bed diverts the down-flow through itself and the approach flow at the bottom boundary layer accelerates, behaving as a horizontal jet. As the down-flow at the abutment is perpendicular to the jet, the jet deflects it away from the bed, leading to scour reduction. But, due to the short length of slot S1, the approach flow at the bottom boundary layer did not accelerate or behave as a horizontal jet. Meanwhile, the flow released from the lateral slot opening S1 may lead to increasing the scour depth near the nose.
The results also showed that S2 and S3 have very similar scour reduction effects, and giving less improvement than the straight slot (S4). In other words, the commonly used straight slot (S4) is more efficient in reducing scour than slots S1, S2 and S3.
The tests in series B were executed to study the efficiency of using more than one outlet slot. Figure 9 shows the longitudinal scour hole profiles around the abutments for Fn ¼ 0.16 and 0.22, for the different slotted and the straight slotted models. Model B32 produced the least scour depth at the abutment nose, with B22 ranked a close second and B41 third. The average scour depth reductions produced by  B32, B22 and B41 were 35.2, 32.6 and 31.9%, respectively, compared to the solid model (S4), which produced an average scour depth reduction of 23.2% under the same flow conditions. The other slot combinations (B21, B31) did not yield any noticeable efficiency increase over S4. Figure 10 shows the scour hole contours around the solid model, the straight-slotted model (S4), and the most efficient series B models (B22, B32, B41), all operating under the same flow conditions.

Uncorrected Proof
Surfer software was used to draw the topographic contours, and calculate the area and volume of the holes, (Golden Software 2019) A maximum scour volume reduction of 43.6, 43.2 and 40.2% was obtained for models B22, B32, and B41, respectively, compared with the 35.3% reduction for the straight slotted model (S4). Regarding the maximum scour area, B22, B32 and B41, respectively, produced 26.8, 26.5 and 29% reduction compared with 20.7% for S4.

CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the effectiveness of L-shaped slots in reducing scour at a short wall abutment was evaluated in the laboratory. The straight slotted model proved to be the best configuration of the single slotted models. Introducing an outlet slot near the abutment nose is not recommended, as it leads to increased scour hole size.
No combination of side slots is more efficient than an individual straight slot. Therefore, a straight slot must be included in any slot combination, as any configuration without a straight one is less efficient than the straight slot alone.
For the multi slotted models, B22 and B32 were the best configurations, with nearly the same efficiency, on which basis B22 is the best configuration as it has the fewest slots. B22 leads to depth, area, and volume reductions of about 32.6, 26.8, and 43.6%, respectively, while the straight slot (S4) reduces them by about 23.2, 20.7, and 35.3%. It is noting that performance might be enhanced further by burying part of the slot below bed level.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
All relevant data are included in the paper or its Supplementary Information.