Occurrence of perchlorate (ClO4−), chlorate (ClO3−) and bromate (BrO3−) in public drinking, open well and surface water sources at 20 locations in the South-West coastal state of Kerala (India) is reported. The analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography interfaced with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). Irrespective of water source (public tap water, open well water and surface water) all the analyzed samples contained high levels of ClO4−, indicating its contamination throughout the region. The highest ClO4− level found was 91.4 μg/L, which is 3.7 times higher than US EPA recommendations. ClO3− and BrO3− were also detected in the samples, with highest concentrations of 177 and 5.34 μg/L respectively in tap water samples. Regression analysis showed moderate positive correlation between ClO4− and bromide (Br−) in tap water (r2=0.659) and open well water (r2=0.485) samples, respectively. Similar correlation was also observed between ClO4− and Cl− (r2=0.591) concentrations in well water samples, indicating sea water could be one of the probable sources in addition to ClO4− manufacturing in the area. This is the first report of high levels of ClO4− and ClO3− and detectable BrO3− in water samples from anywhere in India.
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Research Article|
August 01 2012
Perchlorate, chlorate and bromate in water samples from the South-West coast of India Available to Purchase
V. N. Anupama;
V. N. Anupama
1Environmental Technology, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-India), Industrial Estate (PO), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, India
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K. Kannan;
K. Kannan
2Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
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P. V. G. Prajeesh;
P. V. G. Prajeesh
1Environmental Technology, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-India), Industrial Estate (PO), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, India
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S. Rugmini;
S. Rugmini
1Environmental Technology, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-India), Industrial Estate (PO), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, India
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B. Krishnakumar
1Environmental Technology, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-India), Industrial Estate (PO), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, India
E-mail: [email protected]
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Water Supply (2012) 12 (5): 595–603.
Article history
Received:
December 22 2011
Accepted:
April 03 2012
Citation
V. N. Anupama, K. Kannan, P. V. G. Prajeesh, S. Rugmini, B. Krishnakumar; Perchlorate, chlorate and bromate in water samples from the South-West coast of India. Water Supply 1 August 2012; 12 (5): 595–603. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.033
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