Pipe flow mixing with various solute concentrations and flow rates at pipe junctions is investigated. The degree of mixing affects contaminant spread in a water distribution system, and many studies have focused on mixing at the cross junctions; however, only a few have focused on double-Tee junctions of unequal pipe diameters. To investigate the solute mixing at such junctions, a series of experiments was conducted in a turbulent regime (Re = 12,500–50,000) with different Reynolds number ratios and connecting pipe lengths. Dimensionless outlet concentrations were found to depend on mixing mechanism at the impinging interface of junctions, where junctions with a larger pipe diameter ratio were associated with more complete mixing. Further, the inlet Reynolds number ratio affected mixing more strongly than the outlet Reynolds number ratio. Finally, the dimensionless connecting pipe length in a double-Tee played an important and complicated role in the flow mixing. The results were used to develop two-dimensional isopleth maps for the calculation of normalized north outlet concentrations.
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Research Article|
May 21 2016
Mixing at double-Tee junctions with unequal pipe sizes in water distribution systems Available to Purchase
Tingchao Yu;
Tingchao Yu
1Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University and Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Hongying Qiu;
Hongying Qiu
1Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University and Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Jeffrey Yang;
Jeffrey Yang
2U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA
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Yu Shao;
1Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University and Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
E-mail: [email protected]
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Liang Tao
Liang Tao
1Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University and Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Water Supply (2016) 16 (6): 1595–1602.
Article history
Received:
December 24 2015
Accepted:
April 18 2016
Citation
Tingchao Yu, Hongying Qiu, Jeffrey Yang, Yu Shao, Liang Tao; Mixing at double-Tee junctions with unequal pipe sizes in water distribution systems. Water Supply 1 December 2016; 16 (6): 1595–1602. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.076
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