Wastewater management in Central and Eastern Europe is a choice between two basic alternatives. One is to build a limited number of high efficiency treatment plants and the other to build a bigger number of plants with less efficiency. The paper discusses these options, based on technical and economical considerations. The conclusion is that a stepwise development, with chemical precipitation as the first step and biological treatment as the second step, in general is the recommendable solution.

Wastewater treatment, management strategy, chemical treatment, biological treatment, nutrient removal, costs
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© IWA Publishing 1994
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