Kinetics for ammonium ion removal using a three-dimensional electrode system Available to Purchase

Electrochemical oxidation of ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) by using a three-dimensional electrode (TDE) composed of IrO₂–Ta₂O₅/Ti anode and bamboo carbon was carried out in this paper. Experimental results reveal that the NH₄⁺ oxidation follows first-order kinetics at lower NH₄⁺ concentration and the rate constant is highly dependent on the applied current density, dosage of chlorine ions and initial NH₄⁺ concentration. In addition, increasing current density, more Cl⁻ dosage and higher initial NH₄⁺ concentration are beneficial for NH₄⁺ removal. By inspecting the relation between rate constant and those operating factors, an overall empirical equation for estimation of the rate constant of NH₄⁺ oxidation is presented. The estimated model is in good agreement with the experimental results and it could also be used for accurate design of the TDE system.