The study evaluated the safety of reclaimed water using health risk assessment and biotoxicity tests. The reclaimed water was produced from reverse osmosis and used in industrial and miscellaneous purposes. The health risk assessment was conducted based on the concentrations of detectable pollutants in reclaimed water in a hypothetical scenario. The estimated carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks are lower than the generally accepted level. Biotoxicity evaluation included three genotoxicity tests, a chronic toxicity test using medaka fishes, and a subchronic toxicity test using mice. The reclaimed water is not genetically toxic, and does not cause significant chronic effects on these model organisms. These results confirm the safety of using reclaimed water from municipal wastewater treatment plants.
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Research Article|June 28 2014
A health risk assessment of reclaimed municipal wastewater for industrial and miscellaneous use
W. L. Wu
W. L. Wu
1Environment Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., 6F, 280, Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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Y. D. Huang
Y. D. Huang
1Environment Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., 6F, 280, Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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K. E. Hsu
K. E. Hsu
1Environment Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., 6F, 280, Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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Y. H. Wang
Y. H. Wang
1Environment Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., 6F, 280, Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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H. H. Huang
H. H. Huang
1Environment Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., 6F, 280, Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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W. C. Hsiung
W. C. Hsiung
2Department of Aquatic Sciences, National Chiayi University, 300, Syuefu Rd., Chiayi, 600, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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S. M. Chen
S. M. Chen
2Department of Aquatic Sciences, National Chiayi University, 300, Syuefu Rd., Chiayi, 600, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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H. S. Chang
H. S. Chang
3Program for Translation Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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C. P. Chu
C. P. Chu
1Environment Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., 6F, 280, Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
E-mail: cpchu@sinotech.org.tw
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Y. J. Chung
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Y. J. Chung
1Environment Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., 6F, 280, Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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Y. T. Huang
Y. T. Huang
4Water Resource Planning Institute, Water Resource Agency, 1340, Jhong-Jheng Rd., Wu-Fong, Taichung, 413, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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Water Sci Technol (2014) 70 (4): 750-756.
Article history
Received:
November 25 2013
Accepted:
June 16 2014
Citation
W. L. Wu, Y. D. Huang, K. E. Hsu, Y. H. Wang, H. H. Huang, W. C. Hsiung, S. M. Chen, H. S. Chang, C. P. Chu, Y. J. Chung, Y. T. Huang; A health risk assessment of reclaimed municipal wastewater for industrial and miscellaneous use. Water Sci Technol 1 August 2014; 70 (4): 750–756. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.291
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