https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5973-3303
Abstract
At present, emergency treatment methods are selected based on case or technical database, and it is limited to chemicals in pollution accidents covered by the database. Based on the existing emergency treatment technical database, this paper adds a new chemical characteristics database from the physicochemical properties of chemicals such as toxicity and solubility. Combining the weight of characteristic indexes calculated by the Criteria Importance Though Intercriteria Correlation method combined with the Entropy Weight (CRITIC-EW) method and Manhattan distance, a model is constructed to preliminarily select alternative technologies for a target pollutant. Then, Decision-Makers (DMs) can evaluate alternative technologies using the compound language combined comparative language based on hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS) and single language. And alternative technologies are ranked by applying Technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method. The closest alternative technology is the most suitable. Taking Bisphenol A (BPA) pollution accident as an example, this method is verified. By analyzing physicochemical properties, forms, and uses between similar chemicals and BPA, as well as applicability of alternative technologies, the emergency treatment method proposed in this study is proved feasible.
HIGHLIGHTS
Constructed a system to search emergency treatment technology when a pollutant is not included in the existing database.
Proposed the CRITIC method combined with the Entropy Weight method (CRITIC-EW method) to calculate objective weights.
Proposed the compound language combined comparative language based on hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS) and single language to evaluate alternative technologies.
ABBREVIATIONS
INTRODUCTION
Since the reform and opening-up, China's society and economy have experienced world-shaking changes and achieved remarkable achievements. It took China only 30 years to industrialize, while it took western industrialized countries more than 100 years. However, industrialization is accompanied by various environmental pollution problems, and sudden water pollution has entered a high incidence period, making emergency treatment even more demanding and challenging (Duan et al. 2011; Xu et al. 2019). At present, research on sudden water pollution accidents focuses on macro-management measures, emergency plans, risk assessment, and emergency monitoring (Dibike et al. 2018; Gashi et al. 2018; Mandaric et al. 2018; Ramos-Quintana et al. 2019), and so on, and there is little research on emergency technology decision-making.
Fan et al. (2014); Liu et al. (2015); Liu et al. (2016); Zheng et al. (2020) calculated the similarity between sudden pollution accidents and historical cases based on case-based reasoning (CBR) by taking the contaminated state of accident sites (such as pollutant type and concentration, etc.) as indexes and obtained emergency treatment technology. For some sudden pollution accidents with less frequency, there are limited historical cases for reference. With the emergence of new technology, the emergency technologies used in historical cases may not be optimal. Given the limitations of the case database above, Luo et al. (2019); Luo et al. (2020b); Du et al. (2021) set up an emergency treatment technology database of heavy metals and organic chemicals by combining historical cases with examples of water pollution control engineering and new technology. Five indexes (Water Discharge, pH Range, Temperature, Range of Treatable Concentrations, and Reliance on Engineering) that can be objectively measured and quantified by monitoring and investigating the accident scene are established as primary identification indexes to preliminarily select alternative technologies. Then, comprehensive evaluation and screening of alternative technologies are conducted according to the technical evaluation index. The above studies are only applicable to accidents when pollutant chemicals are included in the database; however, they can do nothing when it is not included (Luo et al. 2019, 2020b; Du et al. 2021).
Therefore, physicochemical properties are used as the characteristic indexes of chemicals in the database of emergency treatment technology. The Criteria Importance Though Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) method combined with the Entropy Weight (EW) method is used to calculate the attribute weights of the chemical characteristic indexes. The CRITIC method (Diakoulaki et al. 1995) can comprehensively measure the objective weight of indexes based on the comparative strength and conflict of evaluation indexes. However, it fails to measure the degree of dispersion between indexes, while the Entropy Weight method can, so they are perfectly complementary. The combination of the two methods can fully consider the variability of data and the existing characteristics of objective weight assignment of each index. Finally, according to the Manhattan distance, the characteristic similarities between the target pollutant and the chemicals in the database are calculated. And chemicals with high similarity are obtained. The emergency treatment technologies of these chemicals are taken as alternative technologies.
In the traditional decision-making process, the evaluation value is completely determined. However, the optimization of sudden accident treatment technology is a complex group decision-making problem, which needs to comprehensively consider engineering, technical, environmental, and other indexes (Li 2012). However, human thinking is fuzzy, so it is a complicated problem for Decision-Makers (DMs) to carry out accurate numerical evaluation of indexes. Using language evaluation instead is more likely to express their thoughts. Li (2012) built an emergency disposal technology optimization model based on triangular fuzzy number multi-criteria decision-making technology, which reduced the cognitive burden of DMs in the emergency disposal group decision-making process. Liu et al. (2015); Liu et al. (2016) built a multi-attribute group decision-making model based on interval fuzzy numbers, which solved the problem that intuitionistic fuzzy numbers were difficult to determine the precise values of the upper and lower limits. However, none of the above methods can reflect DMs’ judgment when they struggle between several possible linguistic terms. Luo et al. (2020a) proposed a method of hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS) to study the site selection of waste incineration plants. Çalış Boyacı et al. (2021) identified suitable locations for waste vegetable oil and waste battery collection bins based on HFLTS. Liu et al. (2020) evaluated the communication ability of Sci-tech journals by using the HFLTS. Based on HFLTS, Buyukozkan & Guler (2020a, 2020b) studied how enterprises could carry out digital transformation on a digital maturity model and guide organizations to conduct an effective smartwatch selection process. The above studies show that using language phrases provided by the HFLTS can better take the preference of DMs into account and make evaluation closer to the truth than using a single language. Therefore, this study adopts a compound language expression method by combining single language and comparative language. Then, the Technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is used to evaluate, screen, and make decisions on alternative technologies. Lastly, the emergency treatment technology with the highest closeness degree is obtained as the most suitable treatment technology of the target pollutants. At the end of the study, an example is given to verify the feasibility of this emergency treatment technology search method.
METHOD
Primary selection of emergency treatment technology
Chemical characteristics database
Based on the team's previous study establishing the emergency treatment database (Luo et al. 2019, 2020b; Du et al. 2021), this study expanded the database into 96 chemicals, according to ‘Environmental Emergency Response and Practical Handbook’ written by the SEPA, List of China Priority Control Pollutants in Water Environment and the Priority List of Potentially Toxic Chemicals in China proposed by the CRAES. This study also added indexes to the database from the physicochemical properties of chemicals, including molecular weight, melting point, boiling point, density, flash point, and vapor pressure data (CAS 1978-2020). The grading basis and evaluation criteria of toxicity, water solubility, and combustion properties are shown in Table 1.
Classification standard of chemical characteristics database
| Index | Index level | Gradation basis | Value | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toxicity | Practically non-toxic | Oral LD50 > 5,000 mg/kg | 1 | EPA toxicity categories |
| Slightly toxic | Oral LD50 ∈ [500, 5,000]mg/kg | 2 | ||
| Moderately toxic | Oral LD50 ∈ [50,500]mg/kg | 3 | ||
| Highly toxic | Oral LD50 < 50 mg/kg | 4 | ||
| Water solubility | Poorly soluble in water | Solubility < 0.01 g | 1 | Chemistry: the central science, 11th Ed. Prentice Hall, 2008 |
| Slightly soluble in water | Solubility ∈ [0.01,1]g | 2 | ||
| Soluble in water | Solubility ∈ [1,10]g | 3 | ||
| Easily soluble in water | Solubility > 10 g | 4 | ||
| Combustion characteristic | Non-combustible | Non-combustible | 1 | Technical Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment of Construction Projects (HJ/T169-2004) |
| Combustible | Liquid with a flash point below 55 °C, which maintains its liquid state under pressure, will cause major accidents under high temperature and high pressure. | 2 | ||
| Easily combustible | Liquid with a flash point below 21 °C and boiling point above 20 °C | 3 | ||
| Inflammable and explosive | A substance that can explode under the influence of flame or that is more sensitive to impact or friction than nitrobenzene | 4 |
| Index | Index level | Gradation basis | Value | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toxicity | Practically non-toxic | Oral LD50 > 5,000 mg/kg | 1 | EPA toxicity categories |
| Slightly toxic | Oral LD50 ∈ [500, 5,000]mg/kg | 2 | ||
| Moderately toxic | Oral LD50 ∈ [50,500]mg/kg | 3 | ||
| Highly toxic | Oral LD50 < 50 mg/kg | 4 | ||
| Water solubility | Poorly soluble in water | Solubility < 0.01 g | 1 | Chemistry: the central science, 11th Ed. Prentice Hall, 2008 |
| Slightly soluble in water | Solubility ∈ [0.01,1]g | 2 | ||
| Soluble in water | Solubility ∈ [1,10]g | 3 | ||
| Easily soluble in water | Solubility > 10 g | 4 | ||
| Combustion characteristic | Non-combustible | Non-combustible | 1 | Technical Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment of Construction Projects (HJ/T169-2004) |
| Combustible | Liquid with a flash point below 55 °C, which maintains its liquid state under pressure, will cause major accidents under high temperature and high pressure. | 2 | ||
| Easily combustible | Liquid with a flash point below 21 °C and boiling point above 20 °C | 3 | ||
| Inflammable and explosive | A substance that can explode under the influence of flame or that is more sensitive to impact or friction than nitrobenzene | 4 |
The characteristics of the chemicals were assigned according to Table 1. The chemical characteristics database is shown in Table 2. Molecular weight, melting point, boiling point, density, toxicity, water solubility, and combustion characteristics were taken as the calculation indexes of similarity.
Chemical characteristics database
| Chemicals | Abbr. | Molecular weight | Melting point (°C) | Boiling point (°C) | Relative density (Water) (g/cm3) | Water solubility | Toxicity | Combustion characteristic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,1,1-trichloroethane | 1,1,1-TCA | 133.42 | −33 | 74 | 1.32 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 1,1,2-trichloroethane | 1,1,2-TCA | 133.5 | −35 | 114 | 1.44 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| 1,2-dichloroethane | 1,2-DCE | 98.96 | −35 | 83.5 | 1.26 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
| 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene | TCB | 181.45 | 17.2 | 221 | 1.45 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 2,4,6-trichlorophenol | 2,4,6-TCP | 197.44 | 246 | 68 | 1.4901 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| 2,4-dinitrotoluene | 2,4-DNT | 182.13 | 65.5 | 300 | 1.52 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| 2,6-dinitrotoluene | 2,6-DNT | 182.14 | 66 | 300 | 1.2833 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 2-chlorophenol | 2-CP | 128.56 | 7 | 174.5 | 1.24 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| acetone | AC | 58.08 | −94.9 | 56.53 | 0.8 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| acrylonitrile | AN | 53 | −83.6 | 77.3 | 0.81 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
| Chemicals | Abbr. | Molecular weight | Melting point (°C) | Boiling point (°C) | Relative density (Water) (g/cm3) | Water solubility | Toxicity | Combustion characteristic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,1,1-trichloroethane | 1,1,1-TCA | 133.42 | −33 | 74 | 1.32 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 1,1,2-trichloroethane | 1,1,2-TCA | 133.5 | −35 | 114 | 1.44 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| 1,2-dichloroethane | 1,2-DCE | 98.96 | −35 | 83.5 | 1.26 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
| 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene | TCB | 181.45 | 17.2 | 221 | 1.45 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 2,4,6-trichlorophenol | 2,4,6-TCP | 197.44 | 246 | 68 | 1.4901 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| 2,4-dinitrotoluene | 2,4-DNT | 182.13 | 65.5 | 300 | 1.52 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| 2,6-dinitrotoluene | 2,6-DNT | 182.14 | 66 | 300 | 1.2833 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 2-chlorophenol | 2-CP | 128.56 | 7 | 174.5 | 1.24 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| acetone | AC | 58.08 | −94.9 | 56.53 | 0.8 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| acrylonitrile | AN | 53 | −83.6 | 77.3 | 0.81 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
Complete information can be seen in the supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.15185298).
Indexes weights modeling by the CRITIC-EW method
the jth evaluation index of the ith chemical; m represents the number of evaluation indicators;
represents the total number of chemicals.
is the value of the jth characteristics of the ith chemical after dimensionless 
. For convenience, the non-dimensional data still denote as 
; standardized matrix still denote as 
.
STEP 2: Calculate the weights on the CRITIC method:
is the standard deviation of the evaluation index 
, which measures the contrast strength of the jth evaluation index.
is the mean value of the jth evaluation index,
is the correlation coefficient between the evaluation indexes k and 
, representing the degree of correlation among the evaluation indexes.
In the equation, 
; 
; 
and 
represent the evaluation index values of the kth and lth in the standardized matrix A, respectively; 
and 
represent the mean values of the evaluation index of the kth and lth of the ith chemical in the standardized matrix A, respectively.
between the jth evaluation index and other evaluation indexes.
In the equation, 
; 
is the correlation coefficient between the kth evaluation index and the jth evaluation index.
of the jth index,
is the correlation coefficient between the evaluation index i and j.
of the jth index:
STEP 3: Calculate the weight by the EW method:
First, calculate the information entropy 
of the jth characteristic.
is the proportion of the ith chemical in the jth characteristic:
, and the entropy weight 
of each index can be calculated from the information entropy:
can be obtained by combining two weights with the method of continuous multiplication accumulation combination:
, 
is the weight of the jth characteristic.
Index weights calculation
After standardizing the characteristic value of 96 chemicals in Table 2 according to Equation (2), the weight 
of the CRITIC method can be calculated by Equations (3)–(8). Then the entropy weight 
can be calculated by Equations (9)–(11). Combine the two weights by Equation (12), and finally, get the weight 
of each feature in the chemical characteristic database. The specific calculation results are shown in Table 3. This article relies on EXCEL and MATLAB to realize the algorithm.
Weight of chemical characteristics
| Algorithms | Molecular weight | Melting point | Boiling point | Relative density (Water) | Water solubility | Toxicity | Combustion characteristic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRITIC | 0.1329 | 0.0685 | 0.0904 | 0.0856 | 0.26 | 0.116 | 0.2467 |
| Entropy Weight | 0.0894 | 0.17864 | 0.16974 | 0.17711 | 0.23531 | 0.07224 | 0.07757 |
| CRITIC-EW | 0.11115 | 0.12357 | 0.13007 | 0.13135 | 0.24765 | 0.09412 | 0.16214 |
| Algorithms | Molecular weight | Melting point | Boiling point | Relative density (Water) | Water solubility | Toxicity | Combustion characteristic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRITIC | 0.1329 | 0.0685 | 0.0904 | 0.0856 | 0.26 | 0.116 | 0.2467 |
| Entropy Weight | 0.0894 | 0.17864 | 0.16974 | 0.17711 | 0.23531 | 0.07224 | 0.07757 |
| CRITIC-EW | 0.11115 | 0.12357 | 0.13007 | 0.13135 | 0.24765 | 0.09412 | 0.16214 |
Obtain similarity and primary select alternative technologies
First, calculate the Manhattan distance 
between the characteristics of the target pollutant 
and the chemical characteristics in the characteristic database. The Manhattan distance is the sum of the absolute wheelbases of two points in the standard coordinate system. It has the characteristics of fast calculation speed and high stability.
between target pollutants 
and 
:
is the value of the jth evaluation index of the target pollutant 
.
After the similarity is calculated, the three chemicals with the highest similarity are obtained. Consider these chemicals’ emergency treatment technologies from the database as alternative technologies.
Optimal selection of emergency treatment technology
Decision model based on HFLTS-TOPSIS method
Linguistic expression transformation based on HFLTS
Let 
be a linguistic term set. HFLTS, 
, is an ordered finite subset of consecutive linguistic terms of 
. Trapezoidal membership function 
is used as comparative linguistics expressions based on HFLTS.
. HFLTS transformation rules are as follows (Rodriguez et al. 2012; Rodríguez et al. 2013):
The calculation steps of the fuzzy envelope of the HFLTS, 
:
STEP 1. Obtain the aggregation elements.
are defined by trapezoidal membership functions 
. T is an ordered set composed of boundary points of membership function corresponding to all linguistic variables.
STEP 2. Calculate 
from the trapezoidal fuzzy membership function, 
.
is the same as 
. a and d from trapezoidal membership function 
is calculated on the min and the max operator (Liu & Rodriguez 2014).
and c are obtained from the aggregation of the remaining elements. Therefore, the OWA operator is required to calculate because of its re-ordering aspect (Liu & Rodriguez 2014):
STEP 3. Calculation of the OWA.
Let 
be an ordered weighted average operator, 
be an associated weighted vector (Liu & Rodriguez 2014).
From Liu & Rodriguez (2014), types of OWA weights can be selected according to 
measure, and the conclusion can be seen as follows:
, the weight used to compute b and c is 
,
When the HFLTS is 
, the weight used to compute b and c is 
, the way to calculate 
is the same as Equation (26).
When the HFLTS is 
, the weight used to compute b and c according to the following two cases:
, the 
is not required, and b and c can directly obtain,
Rank based on the TOPSIS method
Assume that have preliminarily selected m alternative methods in the primary selection process, and there are
indexes in the optimal selection process. Assume the evaluation language of the jth index of the ith alternative technology is set as 
, and the language decision matrix is 
. After being transformed into a fuzzy envelope, the decision matrix 
can be obtained.
The calculation steps for the ranking of alternative technologies using the TOPSIS method are as follows:
STEP 1: Calculate the weighted fuzzy matrix 
.
are respectively taken as the most ideal solution 
and the least ideal solution 
in the alternative technical optimization:
, 
between each alternative technology and the most ideal solution 
, the least ideal solution 
. The distance equation is as follows (Liu & Rodriguez 2014):
between the alternative technology and the optimal solution according to 
and 
:
STEP 5: Calculate the average closeness degree 
of each alternative technology evaluated by DMs and select the optimal alternative according to the ranking of the average closeness degree 
of each alternative technology.
Technology roadmap
The technical roadmap of the water pollution emergency treatment system established in this study is shown in Figure 1 below.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Case study
Introduction to the accident
The study took a hypothetical case of BPA (bisphenol A) leakage pollution accident as an example to verify the method. An enterprise producing plastic products in the Meishan Economic Development Zone, Sichuan Province, in the middle reaches of the Minjiang River, was selected as the research area. BPA is an environmental hormone that is carcinogenic. It is combustible with high heat and open flame, has low toxicity, is slightly soluble in water, and has a density greater than water. There are Minjiang Second Bridge, Minjiang Bridge, and Tangba Hydropower Station downstream of the accident site. Fences can be set up at these three places, and explosion-proof pumps can be used to suck the BPA that sinks into the water. Most of the BPA can be directly recovered. However, the concentration of BPA in the water measured at the monitoring point of the Meishan Minjiang Bridge reached 10 mg/L, which exceeded the limit of 100 times the limit of China's ‘Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water GB 5/49-2006’, and the length of the pollution group was 22 km. The summer water temperature of the Meishan section of the Minjiang River is about 25 °C, the average flow is about 222 m3/s, and the pH is 7.5–8.1. The location map of the BPA pollution accident can be seen in Figure 2.
Primary selection of emergency treatment technology
Since the emergency treatment technology for BPA was not included in the technical database, it was necessary to calculate the similarity between the target pollutant BPA and chemicals in the database to screen out the chemicals with the highest similarity. Alternative technologies are obtained by combining emergency treatment technologies of chemicals with the highest similarity.
Similarity calculation
The results of characteristic similarity calculated by Equations (13) and (14) are as follows (Table 4).
Characteristic similarity between BPA and chemicals in the database
| Chemicals | Characteristic similarity |
|---|---|
| Diethyl Phthalate | 0.985859 |
| Fluoranthene | 0.984952 |
| Dimethyl Phthalate | 0.982844 |
| Diphenyl Ether | 0.962146 |
| Naphthalene | 0.953251 |
| 4-Nitrotoluene | 0.941257 |
| 1-Naphthylamine | 0.939513 |
| 1,4-Dichlorobenzene | 0.935412 |
| 4-Nitroaniline | 0.934499 |
| 2,6-Dichloro-4-Nitroaniline | 0.925426 |
| Chemicals | Characteristic similarity |
|---|---|
| Diethyl Phthalate | 0.985859 |
| Fluoranthene | 0.984952 |
| Dimethyl Phthalate | 0.982844 |
| Diphenyl Ether | 0.962146 |
| Naphthalene | 0.953251 |
| 4-Nitrotoluene | 0.941257 |
| 1-Naphthylamine | 0.939513 |
| 1,4-Dichlorobenzene | 0.935412 |
| 4-Nitroaniline | 0.934499 |
| 2,6-Dichloro-4-Nitroaniline | 0.925426 |
The top three chemicals characteristic similarity in the list were Diethyl Phthalate (0.9859), Fluoranthene (0.9850), and Dimethyl Phthalate (0.9828). The corresponding treatment methods for similar substances in the emergency treatment database can be seen in Figure 3. Seven emergency treatment technologies were combined to obtain BPA's alternative technologies: Powder Activated Carbon Adsorption, Bentonite Adsorption, Granular Nutshell Carbon Adsorption, Activated Carbon Fiber Adsorption, Fenton Reagent Oxidation, Persulfate Oxidation, Photocatalytic Oxidation.
Optimal selection of emergency treatment technology
Technology evaluation indexes
In alternative technology optimization, from teams' prophase research (Luo et al. 2019; Luo et al. 2020b; Du et al. 2021), 9 evaluation indexes and their weights are Application (0.1826), Removal Efficiencies (0.1079), Removal Rate (0.1510), Manpower Cost (0.0739), Material Cost (0.1014), Transportation Cost (0.0709), Waste Disposal Cost(0.0705), Environmental Impact of Waste(0.1094), and Environmental Impact of Residues (0.1314).
Establish the linguistic term set
The study designed and selected the language term set, 
, according to the Likert five-level scale. Quantified each of the 9 technology evaluation indexes and established corresponding evaluation guidelines, as shown in Figure 4. According to the progressive logical relationship of each linguistic variable, let 
. Based on 
, DMs can also evaluate by using comparative phrases ‘at least 
’, ‘at most 
’, and ‘between 
and 
’.
Obtain the optimal alternative technology based on the HFLTS-TOPSIS method
Ten emergency-response experts as DMs from environmental protection departments, CAS, and environmental protection companies, were invited to evaluate this sample according to the evaluation guidelines (Figure 4) and the specific situation of the accident scene. Taking DM-7 as a sample, the evaluation is as follows (Table 5):
Language evaluation form from DM-7
| Evaluation indexes | Emergency treatment technology | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Powder Activated Carbon adsorption | Bentonite adsorption | Granular Nutshell Carbon adsorption | Activated Carbon Fiber adsorption | Fenton oxidation | Persulfate oxidation | Photocatalytic oxidation | |
| Application | Between Medium and Wide | Medium | At most Medium | At most Medium | Between Medium and Wide | At most Medium | Between Poor and Medium |
| Removal efficiencies | High | High | High | Between Medium and High | High | High | Between Medium and High |
| Removal rate | Fast | Between Fast and Very Fast | Very Fast | Very Fast | Fast | Fast | Between Medium and Fast |
| Manpower cost | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | At Most Medium | At Most Medium | Medium |
| Material cost | High | Between Medium and High | High | High | High | High | Medium |
| Transportation cost | High | High | High | High | Between Medium and High | Between Medium and High | High |
| Waste disposal cost | High | High | High | High | Between Medium and High | High | Between Medium and High |
| Environmental impact of Waste | Small | Small | Small | Small | Between Small and Very Small | Between Small and Very Small | Small |
| Environmental impact of residue | Small | Small | Small | Small | Between Small and Very Small | Between Small and Small | Between Small and Very Small |
| Evaluation indexes | Emergency treatment technology | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Powder Activated Carbon adsorption | Bentonite adsorption | Granular Nutshell Carbon adsorption | Activated Carbon Fiber adsorption | Fenton oxidation | Persulfate oxidation | Photocatalytic oxidation | |
| Application | Between Medium and Wide | Medium | At most Medium | At most Medium | Between Medium and Wide | At most Medium | Between Poor and Medium |
| Removal efficiencies | High | High | High | Between Medium and High | High | High | Between Medium and High |
| Removal rate | Fast | Between Fast and Very Fast | Very Fast | Very Fast | Fast | Fast | Between Medium and Fast |
| Manpower cost | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | At Most Medium | At Most Medium | Medium |
| Material cost | High | Between Medium and High | High | High | High | High | Medium |
| Transportation cost | High | High | High | High | Between Medium and High | Between Medium and High | High |
| Waste disposal cost | High | High | High | High | Between Medium and High | High | Between Medium and High |
| Environmental impact of Waste | Small | Small | Small | Small | Between Small and Very Small | Between Small and Very Small | Small |
| Environmental impact of residue | Small | Small | Small | Small | Between Small and Very Small | Between Small and Small | Between Small and Very Small |
is as Equation (39):
was transformed into the fuzzy envelope, 
, expressed by trapezoidal membership function by Equations (15)–(21), the decision matrix 
is obtained as Equation (40).
The closeness degree 
of each alternative technology was calculated by Equation (22)–(38), and then each alternative technology was ranked according to DMs’ average closeness degree, 
. As the results can be seen in Table 6, among the alternative technologies, Powder Activated Carbon Adsorption> Bentonite Adsorption> Granular Nutshell Charcoal Adsorption > Activated Carbon Fiber Adsorption > Fenton Oxidation > Persulfate Oxidation > Photocatalytic Oxidation.
Average closeness of each alternative technology
| Technologies | Powder Activated Carbon adsorption | Bentonite adsorption | Granular Nutshell Charcoal adsorption | Activated Carbon Fiber adsorption | Fenton oxidation | Persulfate oxidation | Photocatalytic oxidation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | DM-1 | 0.622 | 0.622 | 0.591 | 0.611 | 0.655 | 0.655 | 0.572 |
| DM-2 | 0.510 | 0.506 | 0.460 | 0.448 | 0.453 | 0.401 | 0.415 | |
| DM-3 | 0.321 | 0.259 | 0.348 | 0.266 | 0.369 | 0.411 | 0.410 | |
| DM-4 | 0.246 | 0.344 | 0.227 | 0.306 | 0.247 | 0.188 | 0.170 | |
| DM-5 | 0.326 | 0.403 | 0.313 | 0.428 | 0.348 | 0.281 | 0.193 | |
| DM-6 | 0.334 | 0.253 | 0.249 | 0.339 | 0.255 | 0.246 | 0.235 | |
| DM-7 | 0.483 | 0.460 | 0.378 | 0.367 | 0.487 | 0.371 | 0.380 | |
| DM-8 | 0.421 | 0.363 | 0.352 | 0.394 | 0.341 | 0.307 | 0.339 | |
| DM-9 | 0.421 | 0.432 | 0.407 | 0.388 | 0.301 | 0.302 | 0.333 | |
| DM-10 | 0.412 | 0.386 | 0.383 | 0.408 | 0.370 | 0.396 | 0.373 | |
 | 0.410 | 0.403 | 0.371 | 0.395 | 0.383 | 0.356 | 0.342 | |
| Technologies | Powder Activated Carbon adsorption | Bentonite adsorption | Granular Nutshell Charcoal adsorption | Activated Carbon Fiber adsorption | Fenton oxidation | Persulfate oxidation | Photocatalytic oxidation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | DM-1 | 0.622 | 0.622 | 0.591 | 0.611 | 0.655 | 0.655 | 0.572 |
| DM-2 | 0.510 | 0.506 | 0.460 | 0.448 | 0.453 | 0.401 | 0.415 | |
| DM-3 | 0.321 | 0.259 | 0.348 | 0.266 | 0.369 | 0.411 | 0.410 | |
| DM-4 | 0.246 | 0.344 | 0.227 | 0.306 | 0.247 | 0.188 | 0.170 | |
| DM-5 | 0.326 | 0.403 | 0.313 | 0.428 | 0.348 | 0.281 | 0.193 | |
| DM-6 | 0.334 | 0.253 | 0.249 | 0.339 | 0.255 | 0.246 | 0.235 | |
| DM-7 | 0.483 | 0.460 | 0.378 | 0.367 | 0.487 | 0.371 | 0.380 | |
| DM-8 | 0.421 | 0.363 | 0.352 | 0.394 | 0.341 | 0.307 | 0.339 | |
| DM-9 | 0.421 | 0.432 | 0.407 | 0.388 | 0.301 | 0.302 | 0.333 | |
| DM-10 | 0.412 | 0.386 | 0.383 | 0.408 | 0.370 | 0.396 | 0.373 | |
| | 0.410 | 0.403 | 0.371 | 0.395 | 0.383 | 0.356 | 0.342 | |
DISCUSSION
We can see from Table 4 that three chemicals with the highest similarity to BPA are Diethyl Phthalate, Fluoranthene, and Dimethyl Phthalate. From Table 7, we can see these three chemicals have the same water solubility, toxicity, and combustion characteristics as BPA, and the density is also greater than water. The appearance of fluoranthene and bisphenol A is needle-like or flaky crystals, and their molecular structures are similar. Diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, and the target pollutant BPA are all environmental hormones, which can cause internal secretion disorders in the human body. They are all used in the production of plastics. Therefore, it is possible to screen out chemicals similar to the target pollutants by applying the primary selection system in this study.
Physical and chemical properties of the top three similar substances and the target pollutant
| Chemicals | Abbr. | Molecular weight | Melting point (°C) | Boiling point (°C) | Relative density (Water) (g/cm3) | Water solubility | Toxicity | Combustion characteristic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diethyl Phthalate | DEP | 222 | −40.5 | 295 | 1.116 | Poorly soluble in water | Practically non-toxic | Combustible |
| Fluoranthene | \ | 202.25 | 110 | 367 | 1.252 | Poorly soluble in water | Practically non-toxic | Combustible |
| Dimethyl Phthalate | DMP | 194.19 | 2 | 282 | 1.189 | Poorly soluble in water | Practically non-toxic | Combustible |
| Bisphenol A | BPA | 228.29 | 158.5 | 220 | 1.195 | Poorly soluble in water | Practically non-toxic | Combustible |
| Chemicals | Abbr. | Molecular weight | Melting point (°C) | Boiling point (°C) | Relative density (Water) (g/cm3) | Water solubility | Toxicity | Combustion characteristic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diethyl Phthalate | DEP | 222 | −40.5 | 295 | 1.116 | Poorly soluble in water | Practically non-toxic | Combustible |
| Fluoranthene | \ | 202.25 | 110 | 367 | 1.252 | Poorly soluble in water | Practically non-toxic | Combustible |
| Dimethyl Phthalate | DMP | 194.19 | 2 | 282 | 1.189 | Poorly soluble in water | Practically non-toxic | Combustible |
| Bisphenol A | BPA | 228.29 | 158.5 | 220 | 1.195 | Poorly soluble in water | Practically non-toxic | Combustible |
In the emergency treatment technical database, emergency treatment methods for three similar chemicals are powder activated carbon adsorption, bentonite adsorption, granular nutshell charcoal adsorption, activated carbon fiber adsorption, Fenton oxidation, persulfate oxidation, and photocatalysis oxidation, of which the first four technologies are adsorption technologies. The remaining three are advanced oxidation technologies.
Although advanced oxidation technology has the advantages of fast reaction speed and high processing efficiency, it is limited to strict conditions and will produce a large amount of secondary pollution. For example, the Fenton oxidation technology generally needs to be carried out under the condition of pH 2 ∼ 5, and due to the requirement to add Fe2+, the treated water may be colored. Persulfate oxidation technology is less used in practice and is limited to chemical agents’ high price and transportation costs. Photocatalytic oxidation technology has high requirements for selecting light sources, which can only react under the action of ultraviolet light, and the material supporting the catalyst is easy to decompose during the treatment process. Therefore, the above three technologies are not very suitable for the examples in this study.
As shown in Table 6, the technology with the highest average closeness is the adsorption technology using different adsorbents. The adsorption technology has an apparent treatment effect, short reaction time and is suitable for various flow conditions. However, these technologies need to consider waste disposal and whether structures can be relied upon within the pollution range. In this example, there are bridges and power stations downstream of the river, building interception dams. Meanwhile, to reduce the difficulty of waste disposal and since the difficulty of processing bagged adsorbed waste is more minor than sediment dredging, packaged adsorbent in woven bags is a better choice.
Compared with the previous studies of the research group (Luo et al. 2019; Luo et al. 2020b; Du et al. 2021), the system proposed in this study solves the situation of powerlessness in the previous study when an accident occurs but the chemical is not in the database. It provides new ideas for the emergency treatment of chemicals that have never occurred in sudden pollution accidents. In the previous research, DMs used scoring for evaluation, which could not fully reflect all the DMs’ ideas. However, the HFLTS proposed in this study combines a single-language language evaluation method that can help DMs express their ideas in a more accustomed language and is more capable. Thoroughly consider the preferences of DMs to make the evaluation closer to the facts. The combination of this study and previous studies can form a complete emergency response system for water pollution accidents
CONCLUSION
Based on the new chemical characteristics database, this paper proposes a method for searching the emergency treatment technology of pollution accidents when chemicals not covered in the emergency treatment technical database. Calculate the weights of characteristic indexes in the chemical characteristics database by the CRITIC-EW method. Through the weight of the characteristic index and the Manhattan distance, the three chemicals closest to the target pollutant are obtained. The emergency treatment technologies of these three chemicals in the technical database are combined as alternative technologies. Then, DMs use a compound language that combines HFLTS and a single evaluation language to evaluate alternative technologies. Finally, the emergency treatment technology is ranked by the TOPSIS method, and the optimal treatment technology is obtained.
In the case study of the BPA pollution accident, in preliminary selection, we concluded that the three chemicals with the highest similarity to BPA in the technical database are: diethyl phthalate (0.9859), fluoranthene (0.9850), and dimethyl phthalate (0.9828). And seven alternative technologies from the technical database were selected. Then, through the evaluation of DMs, the powdered activated carbon adsorption with 0.410 was selected to be the best emergency treatment technology for this accident. The physicochemical properties, forms, and uses between these three similar chemicals and BPA are relatively similar. According to the analysis, the powder activated carbon adsorption that was selected in optimization process was better than the other six alternative technologies in comprehensiveness. It can be shown that the method in this paper has high feasibility, as well as providing a suitable emergency treatment technology search system for chemicals that have never happened in water pollution accidents before and a scientific reference for similar sudden water pollution accidents.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51779211, Grant No. 51209178) and the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (Grant No. 2019YJ0233). We sincerely appreciate the editors’ and anonymous reviewers’ significant comments and suggestions for adding to the quality of the study.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
All relevant data are available from an online repository or repositories at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.15185298.