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Water Science & Technology issues a formal retraction in relation to the above article by Saade Abdalkareem Jasim et al. The publisher issues this retraction for the following reasons. Following publication, concerns were raised regarding potential citation manipulation in this article, due to a large number of inappropriate references. The journal did not receive a satisfactory response to these concerns and during the investigation additional concerns were raised about the authorship of the article, including the authors' contributions. The Editors-in-Chief therefore no longer have confidence in the reliability of the findings presented.

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